Greenpeace :: essays research papers

Greenpeace is an mugwump organization campaigning to find out a just, peaceful, sustainable environment for future generations. It began in Canada in 1971 and right away has a presence in more than 40 countries with 2.4 million supporters worldwide. Greenpeace Australia was founded in 1977 and today we have more than 75,000 supporters. Prevent dangerous climate change by phasing out fossil fuels (oil, coal, gas) and replacing them with clean renewable energy such as solar. Use the 2000 Olympic Games to showcase and implement solutions to world-wide environmental problems, including alternatives to ototoxic materials and renewable energy. encourage oceans from overfishing and establish a global whale sanctuary. Protect the worlds remaining old growth forests. Eliminate sources of dioxin and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including PVC, and ensure legislation to prevent toxic waste dumping. Protect future generations from the effects of nuclear contamination by ending the nuclear fuel cycle, stopping hot discharges and plutonium shipments. Protect biodiversity by opposing the privatisation and purpose of the plant and animal gene pool. CyberactivistsMany Greenpeace supporters use the Internet to work with Greenpeace. Their website is an interactive source of education and action - by sending letters, faxes, emails - to support their campaignsFrontlinersEveryday more than 100 Greenpeace Frontline campaigners ar on the streets of Australia talking to the open about their work and altitude funds to enable it to continue. Frontline develops important relationships with Greenpeace by recruiting vast term supporters. Local Groups Greenpeace is establishing Local Group networks in all state capitals to support their key campaigns by dint of the coordination of local events, and by applying public pressure with campaign activities such as letter writing. Local volunteers are an important resource for research and public education. Volunteers Gr eenpeace rely on volunteers to support their daily work. They nominate a vital role and are active in all areas of campaigning. StaffCurrently Greenpeace employs 60 staff in Sydney, Canberra and the peaceable. Permanent positions are publicly advertisedHistory / Achievements 1971 After first Greenpeace action the US abandons its nuclear testing thou at Amchitka, Alaska. 1975 France ends atmospheric nuclear tests in the Pacific after Greenpeace protests. 1979 Last Australian whaling station closed. 1982 Global whaling moratorium adopted by the International Whaling Commission. 1988 Following Greenpeace actions in the early 80s, a worldwide ban on incinerating waste at sea is agreed. 1989 United Nations moratorium on high seas large-scale driftnets is passed.Greenpeace essays research papers Greenpeace is an independent organization campaigning to ensure a just, peaceful, sustainable environment for future generations. It began in Canada in 1971 and today has a presence in mo re than 40 countries with 2.4 million supporters worldwide. Greenpeace Australia was founded in 1977 and today we have more than 75,000 supporters. Prevent dangerous climate change by phasing out fossil fuels (oil, coal, gas) and replacing them with clean renewable energy such as solar. Use the 2000 Olympic Games to showcase and implement solutions to global environmental problems, including alternatives to toxic materials and renewable energy. Protect oceans from overfishing and establish a global whale sanctuary. Protect the worlds remaining old growth forests. Eliminate sources of dioxin and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including PVC, and ensure legislation to prevent toxic waste dumping. Protect future generations from the effects of nuclear contamination by ending the nuclear fuel cycle, stopping radioactive discharges and plutonium shipments. Protect biodiversity by opposing the privatisation and manipulation of the plant and animal gene pool. CyberactivistsMany Greenpeace supporters use the Internet to work with Greenpeace. Their website is an interactive source of information and action - by sending letters, faxes, emails - to support their campaignsFrontlinersEveryday more than 100 Greenpeace Frontline campaigners are on the streets of Australia talking to the public about their work and raising funds to enable it to continue. Frontline develops important relationships with Greenpeace by recruiting long term supporters. Local Groups Greenpeace is establishing Local Group networks in all state capitals to support their key campaigns through the coordination of local events, and by applying public pressure through campaign activities such as letter writing. Local volunteers are an important resource for research and public education. Volunteers Greenpeace rely on volunteers to support their daily work. They provide a vital role and are active in all areas of campaigning. StaffCurrently Greenpeace employs 60 staff in Sydney, Canberra and th e Pacific. Permanent positions are publicly advertisedHistory / Achievements 1971 After first Greenpeace action the US abandons its nuclear testing grounds at Amchitka, Alaska. 1975 France ends atmospheric nuclear tests in the Pacific after Greenpeace protests. 1979 Last Australian whaling station closed. 1982 Global whaling moratorium adopted by the International Whaling Commission. 1988 Following Greenpeace actions in the early 80s, a worldwide ban on incinerating waste at sea is agreed. 1989 United Nations moratorium on high seas large-scale driftnets is passed.

Effects Of Youth Crime :: essays research papers

Effects of Youth CrimeA jolly walks down the crowded h every last(predicate)way at school. He is late to his classso he is going as fast as he can. In his hurry, he accidentally bumps intoanother kid. The other kid backs off and starts yelling at the first one. Heasks why he bumped into him, and was he trying to start something? The firstkid hastily apologizes as he turns and starts to race down the hall toward histhird period class. The second kid takes this the wrong way and pulls out ahandgun, the crowd around him quickly disperses as they see the gun. He aimshis gun at the first kid and says take this you punk He quickly pulls thetrigger several times, the bullets tearing through the firsts body. He fallsto the ground, dead. Things like this happen every day. Kids hurting otherkids, its not something that should be happening. Because of things like this, in that respect be many rules and regulations at schools and other places that therewasnt before. Youth violence happens eve ry day and it is tearing society apart.A lot of crimes now days are committed by kids, people at a lower place the age of21. They do all sorts of crime, they murder one another, they steal things,they paint graffiti on the wall. Crime is worse than it ever has been. It usedto be the crew that people were scared of, now its the gangs. If you cross amember of a gang, you can bet that his friends will get you back for him. Gangwars are peculiarly dangerous, it starts with just two people, one from one gangand one from another gang. One of them does something to the other, like stabhim, and then the victims friends will get the attacker. It continues toescalate until it is all out war. Stopping gang wars is just one small step tostopping youth violence.Gangs are not the only youths who commit crime. There are tons of kidswho steal from stores, do and sell drugs, vandalize buildings and a lot of otherthings as well. These kids are just as large of a caper as the gang membersare. Some kids think that stealing a candy bar here, a pair of jeans there, istotally harmless. They think that they arent stealing that much, so it doesnt rattling matter. Or some kids think that they are beautifying the city bypainting on the sides of buildings. Both are wrong, what they are doing is a

Free Hamlet Essays: Importance of Minor Characters :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Importance of Minor Characters in juncture A now-dead philosopher once said that mint need three relationships in lifeconfidant, lover, mentor. Horatio acts as villages confidant, fulfilling that relationship for small town. As a result, we skunk contrast Ham permits dialogue with Horatio to Hamlets soliloquies. In Act III, Scene 2, lines 65-70 Hamlet tells Horatio about his idea to use the players to prove Cladiuss guilt. There is a play to-night ahead the king 65One scene of it comes near the circumstanceWhich I have told thee of my fathers deathI prithee, when thou seest that act afoot,Even with the very observe of thy soulObserve mine uncle 70 Hamlet isnt commanding Horatio to do thisthe relationship isnt based on Hamlets princehood. Hamlet has fully told Horatio what he suspects. He has confided in Horatio. From our perspective as readers, this relationship gives us insight into Hamlets state of mind. One great interrogatory about Hamlet is whether Hamlet is mad. The t hings Hamlet tells Horatio indicate that Hamlet is perfectly sane. Hamlet declares (alone) in Act II, Scene 2, line 535-538, Why, what an ass am I This is most brave,/ That I, the son of the dear murderd,/ Prompted to my revenge by heaven and hell,/ Must like a whore unpack my heart with words. These lines alone assumet point toward or away from madness. But look at it with III, 2, 65-70 in mind. We see him resolve to prove Cladiuss guilt understand the blot as it really is and talk with Horatio, telling him how he feels. All these things show Hamlet as rational, calculating, perceptivesane. And we know this because Horatio is there. In Act V, Scene 2, Hamlet stabbed Laertes, watched his mother die, and poured poison down his uncles throat. How can we possibly know what Hamlet is thinking, especially because he will soon be dead himself? Horatio the intimate is there, the good friend who will listen to Hamlet, who would kill himself to follow Hamlet, who vows to devote his life t o Hamlets message. Another big question about Hamlet Did Hamlets revenge come at too great a price? Its a judgment call the evidence can be interpreted either way. That there is evidence at all is due to Horatio. In lines 321-328, Hamlet tells Horatio this As thourt a man,Give me the cup let go by heaven, Ill havet.O good Horatio, what a wounded name,

Shuffling in the Age of Computers :: Technology Electronics Essays

Shuffling in the Age of ComputersWhether learnt from a Hollywood movie or some crude rendering of Dogs Playing Poker everyone has some mental picture of the American card-playing experience the hazy cloud of cigar smoke hoering just above the table the half-empty store of whiskey lying conspicuously closest to the smallest stack of money the grizzled middle-aged man struggling to intermix a deck of cards. And yet in spite of this universal imagery, nothing could be further from the truth. I recently spent a weekend at Canterbury Park in Minnesota, a card-club just entropy of the Twin Cities. Having arrived there at around three in the morning, I became aware that smoking was not allowed at the tables, that drinks were no longer being served, and that blush the once immutable middle-aged man had been replaced by an electronic shuffling machine. Of course I realize the hazards of second-hand smoke I can even catch compromise with temperance however, to replace the shuffle, the games manifestation of trust and mistrust, was to me unacceptable. Realizing immediately that poker was forever ruined, I returned to Iowa distraught and inconsolable. Why would a card-room want to use a machine to sort cards in a deck? Could the benefits of such a machine really be worth the costs? Is it possible to prevail happiness in the sullen world of mechanized random? Presently there are three prevailing technologies for card-shuffling the cutting-edge computerized shufflers used in casinos, the battery-operated collection plate game models, and the archaic, yet ever popular, human hand.Shuffling, of course, is the process of randomizing a deck of cards so that order is unknown. This sounds pretty straight-forward, but considering there are over 8.06x1067 permutations of a 52-card deck the task of finding a good method becomes slightly more daunting. For example, in hand shuffling, mathematicians question the reliability of parking lot methods to produce all of the se known combinations. Two of the most common hand shuffling techniques are the riffle shuffle (mixing two halves of a deck the mensuration bridge shuffle) and Monges shuffle (moving cards from one half alternatively to the top and bottom of the other half see picture above). Although superficially a deck may appear to be rearranged using these shuffles, close examination of the deck tends to show high serial correlationsimply a oversize probability that patterns exist and can be detected.

Hypotheses Of The Effects Of Wolf Predation :: essays research papers

Hypotheses of the Effects of Wolf depredationAbstract This root discusses four hypotheses to explain the effects of savage downpredation on prey populations of full-grown ungulates. The four proposed hypothesesexamined are the predation limiting shot, the predation regulatinghypothesis, the predator pit hypothesis, and the stable limit bike hypothesis.There is much research literature that discusses how these hypotheses move beused to interpret various data sets obtained from field studies. It wasconcluded that the predation limiting hypothesis fit most study cases, but thatmore research is necessary to account for multiple predator - multiple preyrelationships.The effects of predation can have an enormous impact on the ecologicalorganization and structure of communities. The processes of predation affectvirtually every species to some degree or another. ravage can be defined aswhen members of one species eat (and/or kill) those of another species. Thespecific type of predati on between wolves and large ungulates involvescarnivores preying on herbivores. Predation can have many possible effects onthe interrelations of populations. To draw any correlations between the effectsof these predator-prey interactions requires studies of a long duration, andstatistical analysis of large data sets representative of the populations as awhole. Predation could limit the prey distribution and decrease abundance. Suchlimitation may be desirable in the case of pest species, or undesirable to someindividuals as with game animals or endangered species. Predation may also actas a major selective force. The effects of predator prey coevolution can explainmany evolutionary adaptations in both predator and prey species.The effects of wildcat well predation on species of large ungulates have proven to becontroversial and elusive. There have been many different models proposed todescribe the processes operating on populations influenced by wolf predation.Some of the proposed m echanisms include the predation limiting hypothesis, thepredation regulating hypothesis, the predator pit hypothesis, and the stablelimit cycle hypothesis (Boutin 1992). The purpose of this paper is to assess theempirical data on population dynamics and attempt to determine if one of thefour hypotheses is a better model of the effects of wolf predation on ungulatepopulation densities.The predation limiting hypothesis proposes that predation is the primary factorthat limits prey density. In this non- equilibrium model perennial fluctuationsoccur in the prey population. This implies that the prey population does notreturn to some particular equilibrium after deviation. The predation limitinghypothesis involves a density independent mechanism. The mechanism might applyto one prey - one predator systems (Boutin 1992). This hypothesis predicts thatlosses of prey due to predation pass on be large enough to halt prey population

Hypotheses Of The Effects Of Wolf Predation :: essays research papers

Hypotheses of the Effects of Wolf PredationAbstract This paper discusses four hypotheses to explain the effects of wolfpredation on flow populations of handsome hoofed mammals. The four proposed hypothesesexamined are the predation limiting hypothesis, the predation regulatinghypothesis, the predator pit hypothesis, and the stable limit cycle hypothesis.There is much investigate literature that discusses how these hypotheses can beused to interpret various information sets obtained from field studies. It wasconcluded that the predation limiting hypothesis fit most claim cases, but thatmore research is necessary to account for multiple predator - multiple eatrelationships.The effects of predation can have an enormous encounter on the ecologicalorganization and structure of communities. The processes of predation affectvirtually every species to some degree or another. Predation can be specify aswhen members of one species eat (and/or kill) those of another species. Thespecif ic type of predation between wolves and large ungulates involvescarnivores preying on herbivores. Predation can have many possible effects onthe interrelations of populations. To draw any correlations between the effectsof these predator-prey interactions requires studies of a long duration, andstatistical analysis of large data sets representative of the populations as awhole. Predation could limit the prey distribution and decrease abundance. Suchlimitation may be desirable in the case of pest species, or undesirable to someindividuals as with game animals or endangered species. Predation may also actas a major selective force. The effects of predator prey coevolution can explainmany evolutionary adaptations in both predator and prey species.The effects of wolf predation on species of large ungulates have proven to becontroversial and elusive. There have been many different models proposed todescribe the processes operating on populations influenced by wolf predation.Some of the p roposed apparatuss complicate the predation limiting hypothesis, thepredation regulating hypothesis, the predator pit hypothesis, and the stablelimit cycle hypothesis (Boutin 1992). The purpose of this paper is to assess theempirical data on population dynamics and attempt to determine if one of thefour hypotheses is a better model of the effects of wolf predation on ungulatepopulation densities.The predation limiting hypothesis proposes that predation is the primary factorthat limits prey density. In this non- equilibrium model recurrent fluctuationsoccur in the prey population. This implies that the prey population does notreturn to some particular equilibrium after deviation. The predation limitinghypothesis involves a density independent mechanism. The mechanism might applyto one prey - one predator systems (Boutin 1992). This hypothesis predicts thatlosses of prey due to predation will be large passable to halt prey population

Health Care Utilization Paper Essay

The health reform debate is in full swing. Millions more people will pucker health insurance, coverage will be more affordable, and people will produce access to the health serve they need.Health administer Reform and entrance feeThe reason for Health Care reform is to make it easier on the citizens to be able to afford health insurance in the case they were to give birth hurtle or prevent them from getting sick. The right makes it more affordable instead of the rising cost, it is lowered so people can have insurance. The Health Care Reform act made it to be were the insurance companies will be held accountable on how much they raise their rates and how their money is spent. Plus, the new law will help lower costs through new tax credits and new marketplaces where insurers will have to compete for your business. At one era insurance companies were taking advantage of the people but now they have to make sure that everything is affordable. It was amazing how they could deny c hildren that needed medical attention because they had antecedent health problems. Children that were born with asthma or born with other defects were being denied health coverage. Insurance companies were putting an amount on the coverage that would give the unhurried role and if that failed they would find any little mistake in the paperwork to drop their health mission coverage. The Affordable Care Act creates a new Patients Bill of Rights that protects you from these and other abusive practices. Thanks to the Affordable Care Acts 80/20 rule, if insurance companies dont spend at least 80 percent of your premium dollar on medical care and quality improvements rather than advertising, overhead and bonuses for executives, they will have to provide you a rebate. Things are much better now that the insurance companies have to cover many preventive services without it being any deductibles or copays required distant before when you had to have authoritative screenings and were aer ated deductibles and co pays. Before many Americans with exist conditions were locked or priced out of thehealth insurance market due to their pre-existing conditions which is not fair because many people have pre-existing conditions. Already, 54 million Americans with private health coverage have gotten better preventive services coverage as a result. It is good that they have made insurance companies accountable against discriminating against people with pre-existing conditions. In 2014, insurance discriminating against anyone with a pre-existing condition will be illegal.Access and UtilizationSeveral factors such as proximity to health care providers, perceived quality of care, fees charged and perceived severity of illness have been shown to affect access and utilization of health services. The wellness models is focusing on the health of a persons mind, body and spirit. If more people took time to prevent themselves from diseases this would slow the growth of health care expen ditures. What people who fell to realize is that it is cheaper to go to a category and or treatment group, instead of having to use insurance to provide medications, procedures and treatments. Getting involve with a wellness consultant can also help with obesity. check to The U.S. Health System, The increase in obesity in adults as well as children also increases the run a risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart disaster (Barsukiewicz,Raffel &Raffel, 2010, p.12). If people start now with their children by teaching them healthy ways of eating there will be a decrease in the risk of chronic disease. The choice is in the parents hands because a child eats what a parent gives. Also as a person 65 and erstwhile(a) gets up there in age there are more chronic diseases that they are at risk of getting and more prone to get them again or worse, which than leads to more health resources such as hospitalizations or put into a nursing facility. No, we cannot from aging but we c an take care of ourselves now to avoid the risk of chronic diseases. Focusing on a wellness model can push down healthcare costs because if a patient role is given the proper information needed to recognize the signs of certain diseases and the proper information to prevent certain diseases, the patient will not always have to go to their doctor every time they sense roughthing is wrong. Another way to reduce healthcare costs would be to educate people on how to get laid a healthier lifestyle. Adapting a healthier lifestyle reduces healthcare costs because if an individual is eating right and exercising daily they can ultimately reduce their chancesof become obese. Living a healthier lifestyle also reduces the cost of treatments and medications of some of the diseases that are associated with obesity, such as heart disease or diabetes. habitual Care Compare and ContrastUniversal health care is the belief that all citizens should have access to affordable, high-quality medical car e. Universal health care is a broad concept that can be structured and funded in various ways. The common factor for all universal health care programs is that they require some form of government involvement, whether it is through legislation, mandates, or regulation. One of the key functions in a managed care is gate keeping (The Payment Process, Insurance and Third-Party Payers A capital of Texas PhD. Welte R.N. 20-12) which basically is a way of controlling how much health care a person can receive over a period of time. unfortunately this means that some patients who require intense treatments mat have to get authorization prior to getting the treatment which may cause a go in treatment that can lead to more issues for the patient. The advantages of managed cares are only for the company. Managed care plans allow doctors to be paid for each member enrolled each calendar month which means that regardless of how many patients he treats he will only receive a certain amount of m oney this limits the access a patient to specialist or rehabilitation services. Since the doctor is only getting paid a certain amount he must see a certain amount of patients which cuts down the amount of time spent with each patient. This is the where disadvantage of Managed care comes in. The patient cannot receive the proper care because his/her HMO only pays a set amount.ReferencesComparisons. (2013). Universal Health Care. Retrieved from http//www.stanford.edu Healthcare.gov. (2013). Affordable Care Act. Retrieved from http//www.healthcare.gov The White House. (2013). Get the Facts Straight on Health Reform. Retrieved from http//www.whitehouse.gov

Impact Of The Digital Revolution On Society Essay

Impact of the digital revolution on society The Revolution in digital communication engineering science is proceeding and bringing new technologies to everyday life at break-neck speed. Most key technologies are still evolving and leave do so beyond 2005. The ground-breaking evolution of the technologies leave only have a profound effect on the work styles on every individual. More often than not people of all sectors both he is a teacher, re appearer, staff member or an administrator pull up stakes greatly depend on technology friend and the internet to go in pursuit of their day to day work schedules.In all the roles the physical boundaries that cons readyt the individual schedule and activities go forth be greatly reduced. A variety of tasks that presently used to ask a trip like shopping, banking, acquiring news and entertainment are accomplished from anywhere. battalion depend on the digital assistant for shopping, banking, plan holiday and search information. When peo ple finish work and go home, the machine goes with them.The evolution of digital WEB-TV willing help all sectors of people to get connected to World Wide Web. Web TV helps people who are not educated or mountainnot hand a computer to get connected from their respective homes in a gainful mode.By the division 2005 the much anticipated information technology trends will be well established.* The first is towards smaller, cheaper and faster microprocessor, which in turn al petty(a)s ever-more effective compression and encryption of data, and organises appliances and tools appear smaller and smart.* The second is the trend toward enormously greater digital storage capacities, and allows vast libraries of information to be stored inexpensively on-line(a).* The third and forth trends are toward high-speed and piano tuner networking.By the year 2005 about the fashion of Internet enabled wireless phones will surpass and about one billion people will be connected to the Internet.Impa ct on the Individual, Customer & Consumer By the year 2005 Individuals will make use of the digital evolution resource to the full and save their time. Individuals use internet as an decisive tool for online payment of bills, online banking, online reserve of cinema, plan go, holiday accommodation booking, training & educational needs, make appointments with Beautician, Barber, Solicitor Doctor etc. Large sector of people depend on Internet for email correspondence and searching information for their everyday needs. Individuals will mostly use wireless web enabled devices such as Personal Digital Assistants, Windows CE pocket PC, RIM Pagers over Desktop PCs.Customer & Consumer By the year 2005 Internet will be the most dominant method for purchasing products. Customer Bargaining Power becomes more evident as the customers have a great variety of choice from their desktops. Industrial consumer use Internet for placing their orders. online orders are expected to grow substantially , distributors selling to industrial customers will get to receive online orders about 40% of their total orders.B2C Business to Customer websites or on-line shops will ontogeny and extend from durable goods into many another(prenominal) more areas of consumer goods and daily provisions. But customers purchase only simple products on-line. The items purchased by customer often require minimal support or no customer support, the more the complexity of the product the less the customer but it online.Consumers are more sophisticated. Marketing departments will seek external assistance from specialists such as advertising actors, consumer psychologist and consumer-marketing consultants to ensure their applications are both focused and compelling.Impact on Organisations The rapid pace of evolution of technologies and the changing environment has made unavoidable that organisation has to redefine their business models and to invest in technology to make them e-business enabled. Organi sations continually work on how they can add value to theire-business.In the highly competitive and fragmented market, customers view independent Internet based procurement marketplaces as the most effective path to obtain competitive pricing on both project packages and standard items. Companies will provide product information on their website and will also make a provision for online ordering as most of the customers during 2005 use Internet for their purchases. In addition most of the organisations will make investment in the technology and have bodys like Warehouse Management System, Order Tracking System, Customer Relation Management in place.Companies will unlock their distribution, sales and logistics functions and will train their sales forces to leverage online products and technical information. The sales forces job will become wider from just order takers to teach customers about the product.Large organisations will build their declare portals and marketplaces for imp lenting B2B, more industries will join to implement the B2B business model. Many organisations implement Supply Chain Management and will have closer connections with their suppliers and customers. SCM in 2005 represents a philosophy of managing technology and processes in such a way that the enterprises optimize the delivery of goods, services and information. Supply chain e-markets like value added networks, channel masters, third-party logistics firms, firmsalers, IT vendors and system integrator will emerge and significantly help the organisations to enact a recombinant business model.Impact on organization By the year 2005, Government IT work out and spending will increase substantially. Majority of the government transactional services will be provided online. Transactions between various departments of the government will be networked and a substantial part of transfer of files and paper is saved.Governments implement E-Governance business model and deliver the information and services to the universal using electronic means. Use of IT by government facilitates an efficient, speedy and transparent process for disseminating information to the public and other agencies, andfor performing government administration activities. All the departments will be fully computerized and public uses Internet and email for their queries and appointments and payment of bills and taxes.The Government will take a major role in implementing Cyber Law, spreading IT awareness among people and changing their mindsets. The Government will provide IT infrastructure by launching information satellites, establishing national communication grids, establishing satellite communication gateways, information kiosks at public places such as shopping centers, post offices, railway stations and libraries.Impact on Education By the year 2005 the e-learning through internet will grow considerably and will become a cream of the crop for people pursuing higher education. Use of e-learnin g in higher education will explode and many Universities will provide distance learning.Corporate e-training will grow vividly as e-training to their employees will help the employers to save money by cutting costs on travel and accommodation bills. New constancy e-learning product manufacturers will evolve, many organisations will tie up with big universities and develop e-learning training products and will either sell without delay or deliver online through subscriptions. This will help prospective students to attain first-rate education at a very low cost.Technology innovations will continue to reshape the e-learning landscape e-learning forums will be established and the e-learning providers will increase their investments and will compete with the education institutions and universities.Impact on markets Technology market will continue to evolve and Internet enabled device market will boom, there will be a substantial increase in the Internet enabled devices. B2B and B2C bus iness models will continue to grow.Software Technology Market utter Recognition is already a pillar of the technology fabrication and will become more vital component by 2005 as a nextgeneration of communication product. I see the importance of Voice Recognition growing day by day and most of the computers will be controlled with voice commands, rather than keystrokes or mouse clicks.Streaming Audio depiction Revolution. Streaming Media Industry will boom, by the year 2005 Streaming Video and Audio importance will be unleashed and will be used extensively for the purpose of distance education, online news broadcasting, corporate webnairs & seminars and for net meetings.Wireless industry Market Wireless industry will boom and developments in the mobile and wireless soil will continue to drive a near revolution in Europe and America. Penetration of data-enabled mobile phones will exceed two to quatern times of internet penetration by 2005.Wirelesss devices will ultimately displace the Desktop PCs as the preferred internet access devices. unstable commerce will increase and the consumer transactions where sale is committed from a mobile device could be up to $2 trillion by the year 2005.Mobile Network operators will be well equipped to target micro payments. Technologies such as WAP, 3G , NTT Do COMO will spread across the whole earthly concern to enable cheap and faster modes of wireless services. Blootooth Revolution, will enable possibilities for establishing quick ad-hoc links, and enable mobility during a cordless connection, which is not offered by infrared enabled products. The Blootooth semiconductors revenues alone might surpass $3 billion, and the bluetooth-enabled devices might exceed 250 million units by the year 2005.As the technology market will be evolving beyond 2005, many new technologies and e- business models will progress.Impact on industries Unlike today, where an explosion of technology companies compete for venture capital, I predict that the internet economy by 2005 will be a network of established businesses whose influence comes from stretches around the world. Number of players will shrink and several large companies dominate each member of the Internet.However, Internet forces business models to change by the year 2005, great changes will be made in many industries. The Book Industry will fully adapt the digital revolution and many publishers will sell their electronic-books on the Internet.Newspaper industry will experience a great change by 2005 most of its customers buy and read their daily newspaper online. The industry will be fully digital compatible and will sell newspaper on the basis of subscriptions. Readers will buy monthly or yearly subscriptions and read online.By the year 2005 I see great changes in the travel industry and there will be a great impact of digital technology on this industry. Most of the airline companies will be selling safety valve tickets and deals directly online to the cu stomers. The travel industry will make alliances vertically with the related industries such as Hotel industry, Transport industry Amusement and Parks etc., and will directly sell the Holiday Packages and deals to their customers. As the airline company itself sells flight tickets online and travel agents will evolve themselves as e-travel agent or virtual travel agent and normally sell holiday package deals to the customers.The digital effect is more uncovered and will broaden By 2005 almost every modern, traditional small, large, buck private and public sector industries will implement some level of digital technology.Impact on leisure, travel, etc.The digital impact on leisure and travel is massive, unlike the present people by 2005 will mostly depend on e- travel agents and airline industry for planning there holiday. People search Internet for their holiday spots and will book all necessary hotel accommodation and travel online. As there will be massive changes in the travel in dustry the tourism departments of various countries will put their tourism and local festival information online to enable people scattered across the world to know. Planning a holiday in 2005 is more interesting and lively.Conclusion Internet considerably shrinks the size of our Universe and we will see a uplifted Tech digital world by the year 2005 and beyond. The world as I see it 2005 Author Bhaskar Kolluru Page 3 of 11

The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) in Alaska

The world is filled with many an(prenominal) a(prenominal) natural wonders, and one of these marvels is the Arctic National Wildlife safety (ANWR) in Alaska. Its 19. 6 million acres comprise some of the last truly undisturbed wilderness, and the area has even been called the crown jewel of Americas mental institution system. This refuge is composed of a far-reaching stretch of tundra covered with marshes and lagoons and intertwined with rivers spectacularly positioned among the foothills of the snowcapped Brooks Mountain Range and the sparkling waters of the Beaufort Sea, presenting an awe-inspiring spectacle (Defenders of Wildlife, 2001a).It was because of this beauty that ANWR was set-aside as presidential term land. Originally, the North sky of Alaska was only used for military purposes, and the public was not allowed on any of its 48. 8 million acres during World War II. alone in 1952-1953, some government scientists decided that this area of Alaska should become a conserv ation area. So, Fred Seaton, the Secretary of the Interior, made 8. 9 million acres of the North Slope into the Arctic National Wildlife Range to protect it. A lot of oil was found throughout the North Slope in the following years, so many wanted to drill for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Range.In the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA 1980), most of the Range plus more(prenominal) of the North Slope was designated as wilderness and called the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. However, Section 1002 of ANILCA decided the part of the Range not considered wild should be part of ANWR, although it moldiness be researched before it was decided whether or not it should be designated as state of nature or used for oil development. This disputed section is called the 1002 subject (Alaska Wilderness coalition 2003a Ecological confederation of America, 2002 Gibbs, 2001 U.S. lean and Wildlife Service, 2000b). Studies conducted in the 1002 Area showed that oil a nd gas development would cause great suffering to its wildlife (U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2000b). Unfortunately, the oil companies do not seem to see the beauty of this wild area, only the possible profit in it. The oil industry would still like to drill in the 1002 Area (the Coastal Plain), an area of 1. 5 million acres between the Arctic Ocean and the Brooks Range (Alaska Wilderness League 2003a Ecological Society of America, 2002 Gibbs, 2001 Sierra Club, 2001).However, the Coastal Plain is vital to the continued existence of many organisms and is full of life during the short spring and summer months, giving it the nickname Americas Serengeti (Alaska Wilderness League 2003a Alaska Wilderness League 2003b Defenders of Wildlife, 2001b). The Porcupine River caribou herd of about 130,000 goes to the Coastal Plain on an annual basis to bear and nurse their childly before migrating to warmer climates (Alaska Wilderness League 2003b Gibbs, 2001 U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2000b Roth, 1995).Polar bears use it as their most vital denning area on land (Alaska Wilderness League 2003b Roth, 1995). Musk oxen, grizzly bears, wolves, wolverines, foxes, golden eagles, and snowy owls assemble there to stalk their prey and build their dens. Dall sheep, whales, moose, 36 fish species, and eight other marine mammals thrive in the region, too. About 300,000 snow geese excessively stop there in the fall to eat after coming from their nesting grounds in Canada (Alaska Wilderness League 2003a U. S. Fish &Wildlife Service, 2002).Another 135 species of birds use the land to breed, nest, raise their young, feed, or rest before they migrate to areas throughout the United States and beyond (Alaska Wilderness League 2003b Babbitt, 1995). The 1002 Area is home to a variety of wildlife. So, drilling should not occur in the 1002 Area because it would be detrimental to the animals living there. Oil development could hurt the wildlife in many ways. The emissions from aircrafts , scents of workers, and the noise of vehicles and other engines could displace the animals (Gibbs, 2001).Roads and pipelines would also displace the wildlife because their normal routes would be blocked (Alaska Wilderness League, 2003b). Drilling would cause great harm to the animals that rely on the Coastal Plain of ANWR. Additionally, the 135 species of birds that nest and feed in the 1002 Area would be bear upon. Many of the birds would lose critical habitat, causing world declines for already small populations. Also, the oil fields would attract predators, further lowering their numbers (Audubon, 2002).Other studies around the other Alaskan oil fields excite shown tundra swans to nest over 650 feet from the roads (Gibbs, 2001). Many of the other migratory birds are also sensitive to disturbances, and oil production in ANWR would interrupt migration patterns that have been occurring for many years (Alaska Wilderness League 2003b). The migratory species would carry the effects with them throughout the world (UNEP, 2001). Caribou are also sensitive to disturbances. Caribou with young freeze at least 2. 5 miles away from roads (Gibbs, 2001).So, the caribou would be pushed into the foothills of the Brooks Range, an area with more predators (Ecological Society of America, 2002). A computer model estimated that calfskin natural selection would be reduced about 14 percent by oil production in ANWR (Gibbs, 2001). And, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service believes that lowering the calf survival by only five percent would cause the Porcupine caribou herd to suffer population declines (Alaska Wilderness League 2003b). The musk oxens population would also drop, too. They spirited on the Coastal Plain year-round (Montgomery, 2003).They need to conserve their energy and move actually little to live on the Coastal Plain in the winter because there is little to eat, and it is very cold. The musk oxen would be forced off of the 1002 Area by drilling, and the Depart ment of the Interior thinks this would lower their population 25 to 50 percent (Alaska Wilderness League 2003). The polar bears need the Coastal Plain to continue their current population numbers as well. It is needed for fraught(p) polar bears to nest upon and raise their cubs. The cubs need to be protected in their dens for three months.Any sort of disturbance would cause them to leave their dens early, which would harm their young cubs (Alaska Wilderness League 2003b). Bowhead whales also migrate past the Coastal Plain. They are needed by the Kaktoviks (the people indigenous to the North Slope) for food and ethnic activities. However, the oil development occurring presently has already displaced them 9 to 15 miles from any noise (Montgomery, 2003). So, the Kaktoviks need areas without drilling to continue their subsistence way of life. Furthermore, all of the aquatic animals (including bowhead whales and polar bears) would be greatly harmed by an oil spill.Development in the w aters is not significant as of yet, but if more development occurs on land, then more development may occur offshore. Many animals are very vulnerable to the effects of an oil spill, so more development should not occur (Montgomery, 2003). In addition to harming wildlife, oil development would harm the physical environs as well. The drilling west of the refuge (near Prudhoe Bay) has already done goodly damage. It has turned 400 square miles of undisturbed wilderness into 1500 miles of roads and pipelines, 1400 wells, three airports, 17 sewage treatment plants, and hundreds of large waste pits.The drilling has discharged into the environment more that 43,000 tons of nitrogen oxides each year, contributing to smog and acid rain production, and 100,000 metric tons of methane that leads to global warming. There have been about 1,600 spills containing 1. 2 million gallons of oil, diesel fuel, acid, drilling fluid, and many other harmful substances between 1994 and 1999 (Indigenous Envi ronmental Network, 2001). There is about one spill each day (Alaska Wilderness League 2003c). All of this could occur in ANWR if the oil companies get what they want.And, you would think that there must be a gold mine of oil chthonian the 1002 Area if they would sacrifice such an important area of land. However, the U. S. Geological Survey predicts there is only enough oil beneath the Coastal Plain to follow the energy needs of America for six months (Alaska Wilderness League 2003a Alaska Wilderness League 2003c). The Department of the Interior has estimated that there is only a one-in-five chance of purpose any economically recoverable oil in the refuge (Roth, 1995).It is not worth ruining a pristine wilderness supporting many animals for very little oil that may not even be economically recoverable. Not only is there little oil under the Coastal Plain, it is also found in only small accumulations rather than one large oil field (like Prudhoe Bay). So, there would have to be mo re development areas, increase the effect on the wildlife and environment (Ecological Society of America, 2002). Overall, the drilling would cause a lot of damage. A pristine wilderness would be turned into a noisy, polluted, authentic area.Millions of species of animals would be harmed. They would no longer be able to use the Coastal Plain to feed, mate, nest, and hunt. They would be forced onto marginal lands, and their numbers would be negatively affected (Alaska Wilderness League 2003b Gibbs, 2001 U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2000b). And, the drilling could cause many environmental problems, including global warming, smog, and acid rain (Indigenous Environmental Network, 2001). Plus, the drilling would not even puzzle out the energy problems in the U. S. So, drilling in ANWR should be prevented

Range of sports injuries and their symptoms Essay

Physiological resolutions dishonored wind, eg primary damage solution, meliorate response, the clogting mechanism the importance of scar tissue control in the re-modelling process specialised to spot, eg sprain/ strain (signs and symptoms of first, second and third degree), haematomas (inter/intra)Psychological responses response to tarnish, eg anger, anxiety, imprint, frustration, marooned from team mates response to treatment and rehabilitation, eg anxiety, frustration, need for motivation, use of goal considerationMarking SchemeCriteria P3 and P4 aim to address the issue of occurrence of sports injuries and the resulting symptoms, both physiologically and psychologically, as identified within the related content of the unit. If an explanation of both issues is detailed and contextualised sufficiently to the concept of sports injury then it is practical that grading criterion M2 and D1 (analysis) may also be achieved. It may be possible to judge this via the bookletme ntioned previously, or for learners to give a presentation on the issues, supported by a tutor witness statement/observation record to sanction achievement.Describe, explain and analyse the Physiological and Psychological responses common to sports injuriesINTRODUCTIONINJURY Broken microscope stage , (tibia and calf osmium)1. David Buust2.SPORTSPERSONDavid Buust is a retired player who used to play for Coventry metropolis football club from 1992-1996 he made 50 appearances for Coventry before packting tackled in the game against Manchester united two minutes into the game. Bussts injuries were so shitty that there was a risk of his leg being amputated. But contacted MRSA which caused further damage to the muscle and tissue in his leg. After having 26 operations he was advised to retire by doctors.PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES (What are they)How the body responds when injury occurs it aims to location and protect damages bones , muscles and tendons from further injury. For lawsuit i f you had a disaster it wold be the time it takes to heal.PSYCHOLOGICAL RESPONSES (What are they)The mental response of how an athlete deals with their injury and the way they respond to treatment and how the athlete copes with stress and possible depression that could result from the injury.Physiological responsesDamaged tissueDescribe, explain and analyseA tissue can be damaged in many ways for example a athlete could be running and damage some tissue when they are running. The will then experience symptoms such as pain in the area where the tear is and the area would become red and could swell. An athlete could also damage tissue by overworking a particular area in the body for example if a person was in the gym and they overworked their biceps they could damage their tissue in their arm. Then they would urinate to rest until the tissue repairs itself. A damaged tissue would be treated by the RICE treatment method.David Busst responseDavid Busst damaged his tissue in his right leg in a take placellor league match against Manchester united while playing for Coventry city on the 8th April 1996. The injury occurred when Busst went up for a corner and was sandwiched between to players who tackled him this go forth him with the bone in his leg ripping through his sock and effectively splitting his leg in two. This caused the Manchester united goalkeeper to throw up on the pitch. Bussts tissue in his right leg was damaged even more while in hospital as he contracted MRSA which meant he risked having his leg amputated. This would mean that David Busst would have been in a lot of pain in the first few weeks of having the injury. The symptoms that David Busst would have had nigh his leg is redness and his leg being very painful to touch. depictionThe clotting mechanismDescribe, explain and analyseThe origin clotting mechanism starts to work when we bleed. The blood clots start the healing process. Platelets are released by a chemical responsewhen trauma such a s a cut or a graze causes blood loss. The platelets clot quickly to as they stick to the blood vessels as the blood is sticky because of the platelets. The clotting mechanism is important as it is one of the parts of the healing phase.David Busst responseThe clotting mechanism would have started the moment David Busst broke his fibula and tibia. It would have started again to help him recover from his MRSA infection as it damaged his muscle and tissue so the blood clots from the blood mechanism would of got to work as quick as they could on David Bussts injury to limit the amount of injury that he would of suffered.PictureThis is blood clots formingThe importance of scar tissueDescribe, explain and analyseThe scar tissue restores the tissue on the exact spot of the injury for example if you had a deep cut like the diagram below where there has been a deep cut to the arm and the tissue has been restored as close a possible to its original state. Which leaves in a scar where the cut h appened. Scar tissue will form as soon as an injury takes place . The repair phase occurs after a few hours of the injury occurring.David Buust responseFor example David Busst would have a significant scar tissue from where he broke his fibula and tibula as when he did break those bones they ripped through his skin meaning it was a compound break. It is likely that he would have a scar from where they bone went through the skin and a scar from where his leg was re straightened and put into his leg again. For example he may have a scar kindred to the scar tissue in the diagram below but it may be very deep due to the extent of his injury.Picturehttp//www.pennmedicine.org/encyclopedia/em_PrintPresentation.aspx?gcid=100098&ptid=3 The diagram highlights that the arm has been cut but has heal to the best of its ability.Specific to injury (Haematomas (inter/intra)181 177 Describe, explain and analyseThere are two suits of haematoma. The first type intramuscular haematoma this is where b leeding occurs within the compartment of the muscle but does not seep into any surrounding tissue. The second type intramuscular haematoma is where blood escapes into surrounding areas such as muscles or tissue and stays in that muscle or part of the body.David Bussts responseDavid Busst would have had a Haematoma around the same size as the Haematoma in the diagram below as the injury was so severe it caused a lot of swelling and wound causing a lot of internal bleeding as his leg was broken compundly meaning that blood would of seeped out of his leg meaning that he had a intramuscular haematoma since he was bleeding out and also a intramuscular haematoma as there would have been significant haematoma in his muscles. Which would of made it very uncomfortable for him to bear during the early stages of his injury.Picturehttp//ic.steadyhealth.com/signs_and_treatment_for_hematoma.html David Buust would of suffered similar Hematoma due to the size of his injury.http//www.bmwmoa.org/for um/ certifythread.php?28029-Show-us-your-scarsPsychological responses 177/178Describe, explain and analyse the response to injury, treatment and rehabilitation, including anger anxiety, depression frustrationisolation, need for motivation and goal setting. You could use a famous sports person and address all these issues from their perspective.When injury occurs the psychological response is divided into three stages. The first stage is when the injury actually occurs the second stage is then the recovery period where the injured individual begins rehab to get them back into sport. Then finally the third stage is where the athlete starts formulation and is able to play their sport again competively. full stop one1. When David Busst experienced his injury the first thoughts he would of experienced the trauma of having such a horrific injury being inflicted on him and the shock of actually seeing his leg in a bad state and he would be very scared as he would be concerned as they inju ry was very upright and career threatening. David would also be very angry with the players that tackled him as the fact both players went for the same leg (as seen in the picture below) causing a spartan injury. He would also be very frustrated that the injury has occurred to him since he it happened in a top flight game where he would have looked to show off his ability.http//www.goal.com/hk/slideshow/1630http//www.taringa.net/posts/deportes/16564778/Un-tipo-con-mala-suerte-David-Busst.html Due to the nature of his injury David Busst would have been very traumatised by the state of his leg and obviously worried about his future in football.Stage two2. The second stage is the recovery period this would have been very lengthy for David Busst due to the severity of his injury it his rehab would have been around 6 months to ramp up sure that he was in the right frame of mind to try and get back into football. He will be scared and anxious as he had little chance of making a full co meback to football meaning that if he didnt his career would be over. David Busst would have been of been isolated due to the fact that his team mates were training and he wasnt. He could of become depressed while hold to get back into football.As he waswaiting on the sidelines Stage three3. This is where the player makes their comeback into the sport for example a footballer would make their recover back to football by training with the team and then playing for the reserve team and then being eased on by the manager of the team by playing as a substitute then starting the game the following week. David Busst would have lacked motivation to get into football as he knew that there was little chance of him making a full comeback to due to severity of his injury.When making his full comeback David Buust was approached by his doctor and advised to retire as because of the injury he suffered was so severe he would of risked not walking unaided again as the injury made his the leg very weak. There would have been goals for him to slowly achieve if the injury wasnt as bad but since he was at risk of becoming disabled he retired so he could save the use of his leg. When he retired Coventry would had a psychiatrist helping me through coming to terms with his career being over and helping him suspend depression and help plan his future after football.

Kate Chopin and Charles W. Chesnutt Wrote the Literary History for America Post-Civil War

The Ameri go off Civil War drastic in eachy changed the society and culture of the United States. History books all tell the stories of the struggle by recently freed African American slaves. These books tell of the financial hardship, as well as the pagan endeavors these mountain had to endure to begin to become equals to flannel Americans, as well as to acquire equal rights. Racial segregation is a big topic highly covered on this theatre. However, there are stories that are less often told about the close relationships amongst dingy-and-blueness and morose, and also people of Indian decent. This is where literature books come in handy.Post-war American literature is booming with stories of freedom, hope, and heat. One topic that seemed to emerge at this time was interracial relations or marriages between balefuls and whites. Kate Chopin and Charles W. Chesnutt both wrote of these types of relationships but in very different ways and outcomes. Due to being raise around the time of the polished war and living in the randomness, these authors wrote the truth of what they saw and experienced. By looking at Chopins works La Belle Zoraide and Desirees Baby, and Chesnutts The Wife of His Youth, three different sides of interracial relations can be seen.These tales of the south post-war help people today to understand their heritage, as well as the great mixture of people that makes up the United States today. According to the biography of Kate Chopin in The Norton Anthology of American Literature, she was born in 1850, was raised for the most part by her arrive after the death of her father. She was taught in St. Louis and had graduated and married by the end of the civil war. This is when she moved to the south, where she was submerged into a new, thriving mixed racial culture in New Orleans.She was influenced by approximately(a) of the great French writers, including Maupassant, from which her trend seems to mimic. both authors writings were ob servational Chopin wrote what she saw in the world around her. Her writings upset some people due to this detail. She did non hold back or sugar coat anything when she was writing. She was categorized as a local colorist due to her topics. With her French background knowledge, she had a tendency to have a dangerous style of writing compared to other American authors at this time.Also, since New Orleans had so much southern culture, mixed with Creole origins, it is easy to see why this area was fascinating to Kate Chopin. She wrote heart-wrenching love stories with shocking twists between unsettling characters. It whitethorn seem normal today, but at this time, this type of writing was as revolutionary as the war. It is favourable for the newer generations that she was willing to write this way. La Belle Zoraide, a story with Creole backings, was based from the authors views of her life in New Orleans. The story begins with a black sharetaker telling a story to her visible light mistress that she took care of.Just looking at the set up, the reader can tell the bond between the mistress and the negress as the latter was said to have washed and kissed her feet. Both women are older, but it is the black still serving or taking care of the white. The story also tells the reader that the Mistress is married, but is sleeping alone, making the reader assume that her husband has died and she is now alone with her maid. The black caretaker begins to tell a story of a beautiful, captivating Creole girl with light brown skin. This brown girl also had her own black servant, as if to say since she was lighter than her servant, she was better than her as well.There was a mulatto suitor available for the unexampled Zoraide, but he was non pleasing to her. She was instead infatuated with a black man, but was forbidden to act upon her feelings. However, she disobeyed and became pregnant. The caretaker explained that no one can keep negros from finding a way to love each other. Because of the way this was put, it almost seems as though love is the one thing that takes precedence above all other things for the black population. After that, her love was sold far away, so the entirely thing she had to hold on to was their baby. more(prenominal)over, out of spite, the child was taken away and told that it was dead. With the loss of her lover and her child, the young Zoraide lost herself. She went crazy, and would not accept her child when they tried to give it back to her. Beautiful Zoraide spring uped to a pitied and mocked old woman, who undoubtedly died alone. This shows again, just what the love of a child or another human can do when it is taken away. The story also shows how a individuals power over another can unintentionally weaken their entire life. Zoraides mistress wanted the best for the mulatto girl, but the girl had hosen a different path. So when the mistress tried to control the outcome of her life, it backfired, causing a young g irl to lose hope and her sense, and caused a young child to lose its parents. This story is a show of the emotional pain put on blacks by white people. The next of Chopins stories, Desirees Baby, is another sad story of love gone wrong. Desiree had been found as a young child and raised by a woman who had no children. The child became a beautiful girl and married a hardworking man whom was a master of some black men. The couple had a baby to stingher, but soon there was something wrong.The husband became angry and distant with the wife. As it turned out, the child was not white like the parents, but was the color of a quadroon, or a child about a fourth black. The father was very angry, as he was a slave owner, and was married to a woman with black in her heritage, causing them to have a baby that appeared the same. When Desiree confronted her husband Armand about the color of the child, he was elicit and put all of the blame on his wife. He wanted her and the baby to leave. It say s that he no longer loved her, because of the unconscious injury she had brought upon his home and his let on(Chopin 424).Later, Armand burned all of his wife and childs things, and all of the letters she had sent to him. And in the end, the reader finds that Armand is also hiding a secret. Armands mother was a black woman. This ironic turn can create anger in a reader at the injustice of such a man. For it is not just the mother, but the fathers fault as well for the color of their child. But since the father passed for so long as a white man, and has negroes that work for him, it would ruin his life and his name if it were found out that he was black. He would lose everything.So instead the man made a choice, to give up his love and his child, in order to save his life as he knew it. This turn of events shows that even though love between two people can be strong, the fear of losing everything is stronger. Armand was fearful of his situation possibly fearful of his negroes workin g for him, as well as the white people in the area. Because Armand and his wife were of the same mostly white race, their child ended up showing the black inside. And, sadly, that color is all that mattered at the time. Like the writings of Kate Chopin, Charles W. Chesnutt also wrote stories of the Deep South.His parents were free people of the south. Chesnutt was well educated and became a writer of the stories of slavery. As a light colored black man, he focused on the opposite of Armand in the quondam(prenominal) story. He boost blacks of all shades to honor their past. Because of his writing skills, and perhaps the fact that his readers didnt know he was a black man at first, he became one of the first black fiction writers to be taken seriously by a white press(Chesnutt 458). The idea of a black person staying adjust to their past is beautifully portrayed in the story of Mr. Ryder in The Wife of His Youth.In this story, Mr. Ryder is a light skin black man, who comm however is seen as white. He is an older gentleman, who seems to be a well suited bachelor. He was well read, educated, with a nice house and furniture. Many women pursued him, but none won him over until Mrs. Dixon came into town. He was planning to ask her hand in marriage. He wanted to do this in order to ensure that he keep to be seen as a white man, and because he was taken by her. As he tried to decide how to address Mrs. Dixon at the world he was throwing for her, he was approached by an older black lady, who asked for his help.She was trying to find her husband, who was a free black man, sold by her owner for profit. He had tried to go back to her, but she had been sold as well for punishment. She had been looking for her husband Sam for twenty-five years, making her way by means of life as if that was her only goal. The reader can see here another example of the everlasting love between this woman, and hopefully her Sam would feel the same. At the ball, when it is Mr. Ryders tur n to speak, he tells the crowd of this older lady that he has met just earlier that day.He mentions how rare it is to find people with that kind of devotion to the person that they love. But he explains a part of the story that was untold by the woman. He asked what should be done, if her husband was actually a light skinned, well educated man that could not find her either. And if the man found her all these years later, should he call on her and complete the bond of their slave marriage to make it legal. Mrs. Dixon corroborate that he should acknowledge his past wife, even though he thinks he may have found another to love. Mr.Ryder is pleased with this response, as he goes to get the elderly lady, explaining that it is his wife. This portrayal of devotion is unlike Kate Chopins stories. This work is uplifting and seems to be written in a hopeful way. There are some differences in the fact that this ball was to be taken place twenty-five years after the end of the war, and Mr. Ry der had been born a free-man. This made his transition into the white population much easier. Also, it shows that it was not only the wife that stayed true, but also Mr. Ryder, as he had stayed single all that time as well.The community encouraged him to continue his life with his former wife, as if it would have been wrong to have it any other way. There is a large difference in genial acceptance, as today it is acceptable to decouple, but then, it was unheard of, whether the marriage was technically legal or not. There are some common ideas between all of these stories. First, these stories give a sense that love is unconditional and unbreakable among the black culture. However, when the story becomes about interracial marriages or children, society and culture seem to bit a bigger role in what is acceptable.According to Bratters essay, the acceptance of interracial marriages is increasing as the number of these couples is increasing. However, with this increase of marriage is also lead to a higher rate of dissever between mixed-race couples. The rate of interracial marriage divorce has found to be about 10% higher than the divorce rate among same race couples. Whatever the reason, these studies have shown that even though the divorce rate may currently be higher for mixed-race couples, the overall divorce rate continues to climb.This shows that societys idea of acceptance is changing. As in The Wife of His Youth, after all that time, the man still took his wife back. The encouragement of the balls crowd shows an obvious change in society, not just racially, but culturally. Another common piece to each of the stories is the acceptance of the light skinned mulatto into white society. It seems to be that people really were judged based on the color of their skin. Light skinned black people could be passed off as white people, or were treated almost as third class citizens, above the blacks but below the whites.Zoraide and Sam Rider are both aware of their true African American roots and choose to stay true to those roots, even though they can pass at white or mulatto. Armand, however, turns his back on his mulatto wife and child, even though he knows the he also carries some African American blood inside him. It is if he is angered at himself, and his wife, that they could not produce a white-looking baby. Armand and Zoraide still live by the ideas that their skin color makes them who they really are. Zoraide knows that she is not white, and should be able to choose from the black men if she cannot be considered white.Armand, however, is so obsessed with his status, he does not want to have anyone question his or his wifes race. Back in that time, Jim Crowe Laws tried to categorize who was black and who was white. A black person was seen as any person with any history of black in their family. This was known as the one-drop rule(Davis 5). By this law, and the fact that that a persons rights depended on their race, it is understood wh y Armand may do this. In contrast, in todays society, much of the population may have mixed ancestry somewhere in their past line. However, this does not classify their rank or their worth.In America today, people are judged more on their education and their skills than they are on their looks. Looking at these works, many comparisons can be made about Americas past, and the people that at one time made it. These writings are the history book for American culture after the civil war. Americans can learn much about the past through these stories. Even though these stories may not be historically accurate, they give the tone and ideas about Americans past culture. It is helpful to see these cultural changes so that Americans can know where they come from and how far the American culture has come.

Corporal Images

First and foremost, it is of dire importance to draw a distinction amid seem to be honorable and actually using ethical considerations. There has been an attempt by several friendships to appear to be ethical. In these instances there has exactly been an effort to reach an immediate goal of prosperity. Of course this give work in the short run yet in a sophisticated inn fake will not survive. With the advances in technology and the extend of information, we as a community are becoming better informed.It is provided a theme of searching and gathering the facts to make the decisive decision of proceeding with a certain company. In current times the line dividing truly ethical considerations and appearing to be ethical are becoming much easier to distinguish but in several cases are still unclear. In practice ethical considerations manoeuver to a decrease in friction within the public domain. In other words, less conflict will arise between private individuals and corporatio ns when ethical behavior is being be experienced.For corporations, well-disposed conflict takes place when behavior is seen as wrongful or unethical but in actuality is perfectly legal. some times this leads to calls for boycotts from churches or other organizations. Whether the public demonstrates in front of the gates, charitable organizations set up wailing walls, or the media uses pressure through critical reporting, this will mean a definite loss in social recognition of the company in heading. Kathy Lee Gifford fell victim to the media a couple eld ago when her clothing company was caught abusing child labor laws in factories abroad.Whether this leads to a fall in the share price or there is a mensurable loss in sales are of secondary importance. Criticism from the outside generally means that the management fictitious character is taken up with defensive body process and therefore not free for the shaping of the future. In the Kathy Lee Gifford case and as in many other cases, the issue faded and disappeared with time. some economist have said that the most intelligent corporations forbid dealings that could provoke negative social reactions.On the other hand , there is steady increase in try out that shows a corporations image croupe become a competitive advantage when used as a tool of propaganda. This method of go about can in some circumstances be used to gain market advantages as it did for a local fast food chain in California. Jack in the Box was convicted of not entirely cooking their hamburgers which in turn was infecting children with salmonella poisoning. Due to the conviction and the attention from the media, the fast food restaurant was throw off under strict regulation.In other words, the new enforcement of regulation was a safeguard against the consumption of salmonella. Many individuals saw this as a benefit and as a result wanted to eat at Jack in the Box. This can be a positive market advantage where a corporation gains the attention from negative issue but can in the long run gain a larger market. Another example practiced in the Unites States, is where a number of companies that are not only environmentally exemplary but go beyond the minimum legal requirements. Other costs can arise through conflict with ones employees.The fact that a company is the focus of public criticism can have disastrous results for morale and job happiness within a corporation. In the long-term, this can lead to valuable employees looking for other work and leaving the corporation. This can be a detriment when a business is trying to establish itself as reliable As employees are a corporations most valuable capital, this alone is reason enough why unethical conduct cannot lie in a corporations interests. Various studies have shown a positive correlation between ethical conduct in a corporation and job satisfaction.Where top management is seen as giving strong support for ethical consideration, job satisfaction increase tog ether with the degree of employee identification with the corporation. E precisething points to the conclusion that a positive reciprocal relationship exists between job satisfaction and ethical conduct. The ethical considerations of a corporations play a role in the entirety of value systems, thought and decision patterns, methods of behavior, and structures within a corporation that often emanates a feeling of togetherness and thus boosts motivation to work.The role of the corporation within the community can also reinforce an employees behavior. A business that has been plagued with a negative reputation or considered to be unethical within the similarity could lower the morale of its employees. On the other hand, behavior that prompts customers to buy and motivates investors to purchase shares is looked upon with pleasure and pride can also reinforce employees positive identification. A striking example of this can be recognized in San Diego, California.Qualcomm in recent yea rs has become one of the most prominent and successful companies among customers and its community. Not only does this corporation hold a large majority of San Diego employment but it also holds the name of the stadium. Its reputation within the city has given the employees a reason of pride for whom they are working. What Jakob Burckhardt formulated for individuals can also be applied to corporations they are not just what they are, but also what hey have set themselves as ideals.Even if they do not emulate these to their capacity, a part of their being is marked by the mere fact of wanting to. There are a number of indications that show corporations whose practice ethical conduct are considered as more attractive employers than those which have been publicly criticized due to failure to recognize their responsibilities to the offbeat of the community and the environment. A poll taken from Business Week revealed that 88% regard work satisfaction, 67% a good working asynchronous transfer mode, and 66% a job that makes sense as important criterion in choosing an employer.These are all factors which can hardly be true of companies where common land peace demonstrates in front of the factory gates or churches call for a boycott. Corporations are now no longer measured on what hey produce, but on what they present. The strength of many trends can instantly change at the blink of an eye, especially when the labor market spreads hopelessness for those seeking a career. moreover an increasing number of individuals, whether as employees or consumers, are taking ethical viewpoints more seriously that 10 or 20 years ago.The next question we should ask ourselves is, why has this happened. Why are we as a society increasing our ethical considerations with corporations? One answer that was stated before is with the increase of information, we as a society are becoming more knowledgeable of our decisions. We are enabling ourselves to make more ethical decisions based on the whims of a corporation. Many of those with responsibility in corporations are complaining about an increase in an already too thick jungle of laws, stipulations, and directives.Commercial freedom, the complaint goes on, can no longer exist within the ever narrower thread of state regulations too many rules endanger the economic success. There is a great deal of evidence that such complaints have set forth the idea that less state can have an enlivening effect on corporate commitment. Freedom is, however, forever and a day an ethical duty and may thus be demanded on only as a correlate of responsibility. Anyone who wishes to help avoid further criticism and change by reversal inappropriate behavior must offer legitimate proof of ethically accountable conduct.Back to the example of fast-food restaurant, Jack in the Box, in order to appease serving the public they were required to prove they cooking their meats to full capacity. They had to provide evidence of corrected dem eanor as well as compensation. Ethically responsible corporate dealings mean dealings beyond the status quo, active shaping, and forward-looking ethical balance. Minimal will not do in a society whose wants and needs are infinite. A corporation must not only meet but exceed regulations.Whoever maintains a running battle on current law to defend positions that might have been based on a regulations many years ago but which are now regarded as wrongful and will be even more so in the future, is not being business like but negligent. Such companies that support those social forces will demand tighter controls and more state intervention. Innovation, efficiency, effectiveness, the ability to utilize market potential optimally, recognize the signs of the times, and the art of saving costs and expense in the make up place at the right time will continue to be of great importance alongside all the other corporate virtues.However, an additional division will gain in significance business ethics. It will become more and more a new, solid basis for competitive ability, breaching the limits of classical markets. The more wealthy a society is, the more significant non-material values become. Corporations that act in a visibly ethical way will be preferable by informed consumers more and more. This will become a problem for those corporations that ignore moral aspects, and for other it will be an opportunity to get to the very top.

New England vs. Chesapeake: Religion and People

Throughout the 17th century many throng of English origin flooded into the cutting world with the thought of a new beginning. In target to start their new lives, the English began put uptling in two main areas known as the newfound Eng domain of a function and Chesapeake theatrical roles. Although these areas were colonized by the same lawsuit of people, many differences existed amongst them. Religion was a main aspect in the differences among New England and Chesapeake. New England was founded for the purpose of religious freedom.The Puritans who first stepped off the trailing arbutus and landed in New England arrived with a perfect vision of what they believed their church would be like. They left England for the reason that they didnt hold in on the principles of the church service of England. This colonization allowed them to worship whomever they chose. Although they had started a new life in a new place they remained faithful to the male monarch of England. In order to become a saint one had to go through the conversion process which included declaring your sins in front of your community. This granted church membership, which included the secure to vote.Unlike New England, religion wasnt a main objective in the Chesapeake society. Religion in the Chesapeake portion was not at all jet, except in a few areas. The colony of Maryland was intend as a sanctuary for Catholics after being mistreated when the Catholic church sepa cropd from the Church of England. Some Virginians who were still religious remained Anglican. These differences between the colonies developed because of the people who settlight-emitting diode there. New England was compromised of families who came to the New human being in search of religious freedom while the Chesapeake Region consisted of young men whose only instruction was money.This proves that the types of people that settled in these lands, led to the religious diversity between them. Furthermore the political systems that existed in the New England and Chesapeake regions were also divers(prenominal). The government in New England changed many times through history, starting with the Mayflower Compact. It stated how the Puritans would establish a civil government while still being loyal to the king. later on the colonists demanded a court system known as General Court and a representative government. The king prescribed a royal governor for each colony. These governors followed the orders of the king.They had a bicameral legislative one which was appointed by the king and the other by the people. The local government involved the county court system which dealt with issues in the immediate town. These issues were discussed in the town meeting which only men were allowed to attend. Every man was given a freedom of speech during the town meetings. The right to vote was based on church membership. In the Chesapeake region every colony had a royal governor appointed by the king. They convi nced the king to allow them have an elected assembly but only if they paid for colonies by taxes.This assembly was known as the House of Burgesses and if elected it was a lifetime position. The local government consisted of a county court system which could set local tax rates and build roads. The right to vote was based on land ownership. The reasons the governments were different is because of the beliefs the inhabitants of each area had. The New Englanders believed religion was the key which led to more of a democratic type of government where they have more say. The people of the Chesapeake region revolved slightly making money. These differences in beliefs led to the variations in the types of governments.In addition to religion and political systems, the types of people that settled in these regions contributed to the differences. In the New England region the main focus was religion and family. People who first settled here were Puritans who broke off from the Church of Eng land looking for religious freedom. New England attracted many families at the time. Since there were an equal number of males and females the birth rate was through the roof. They believed public education was key to resist the devil, which resulted in the Old Deluders act.Most New Englanders were loggers, fishers, or shipbuilders since the colony didnt have a suitable geography and climate for agriculture. Social reciprocity was also common where everything was equal among people. The Chesapeake region was inhabited mostly by young men who come to the New realness in pursuit of money. Since women were rare they had a larger influence than in New England. Tobacco was trusty for the success of some of these men. Tobacco became a very popular crop and required lots of land and labor. Indentured servants were hired to grow the tobacco.Settlers started replacing indentured servants with slaves because they could be driven harder with little to no compensation. These differences betwe en the people of these colonies were based on their principles. New Englanders was centered on religion and family while Chesapeake revolved around young men trying to make money. The settlers principles led to the variances between the types of people that sedulous in these colonies. Religion, political systems, and the types of people who occupied the New England and the Chesapeake regions, contributed to why they had evolved into two distinct societies over time.

Race and ethnicity in the United States Census Essay

The media is an industry where the competition is longing and it has been used by the government individuals, organizations, institutions, fraternity, and family etc. for various purposes. However, due to the increasing competition in the industry, more(prenominal) at quantify the functions and duties which the media owes to the society ar significantly overlooked. on that point be various functions of the media some go forth be discussed later on in this paper.The aim of the media has to a fearfully large extent shifted from fulfilling its roles to the society, rather their focus is often on how much entertainment they can offer to their audience and how much currency they can make and how quickly they can make it. Entertainment and money making is definitely samara in the existence, survival and growth of this industry, nevertheless, this should non be achieved by inappropriately portraying a root words identity in any form. DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS Construction To mak e or create, by putting together ideas, components or arguments. Group Identity This refers to a someones reason of belonging to a group.Media- Are communication channels through which news, entertainment, education, data or promotional messages be disseminated. Media includes every broadcasting and narrow casting medium such as newspapers, magazines, TV, radio, billboards, direct mail, telephone, fax and meshwork (business dictionary, 2015). THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK SOCIAL identity element THEORY BY TAJFEL & TURNER (1979) This theory was propounded in coiffe to understand the psychological reasons and basis for inter- group variety. The components of this theory goes thus Categorization- This is the treat of putting ourselves and others into categories, our self-image is associated with the categories we belong to. realization This is the process by which we associate ourselves with certain groups of people. Nevertheless there are some groups we dont want to be identified w ith (out groups) and there are some we would want to be identified with (in groups). Comparison- This is the process through which we compare our groups with other groups, therewith creating a positive bias towards the groups in which we are members of. This scenery of this work will focus on two salient functions of the media amidst the various ones there are.Social inheritance function- The onus lies on the media to transmit positive racial and ethnic values about every actual dry wash and ethnic group. The act of highlighting and spotlighting the various negativities of backwashs and ethnic groups should be avoided. Surveillance function- This is the duty the media owes to the society in circulating news and information when necessary, the media is responsible for providing information about events. THE CONSTRUCTION OF GROUP IDENTITY BY HOLLYWOOD (A STUDY OF THE LATINO RACE) There are five acclaimed races in the world 1) mongoloid (Asian and American Indian) 2) Caucasoid (Eur opean) 3) Australoid (Australian and oceanic) 4) Negroid (East African black).5) Capoid (South African black) The Latinos could be said to belong to the Mongoloid race and most of the 315 gazillion people who live in the United States of America are either immigrants or hire ancestry to another country. In actual fact, the only truly American people are the Native ones. This country is based on the idea of migration in pursuit of a better kindly and economic life. jibe to U. S. Census Bureau (2012), there are roughly 52 million Hispanics/Latinos life-time in the United States, re largessing approximately 16.7% of the total population of United States of America, and making them the nations largest ethnic minority. Among Hispanic subgroups, Mexicans rated as the largest at 63%, fol execrableed by Puerto Ricans (9. 2%), Cubans (3. 5%), Salvadorans (3. 3%), Dominicans (2. 8%), and the remaining 18. 2% were Colombians, Guatemalans, Portuguese, Honduras, Ecuadorians, Peruvians, Braz ilian. The main reason for their migration has been either that they are politically endangered or pass water financial problems. For instance the Cubans who ended up in America wanted to escape from the political conditions in their country.Escaping from the communist government practiced in Cuba, they were considered as political refugees in America for three and a half decades until 1995. As a result of Americas opposition to the Cuban government, they were treated in America better than close to any other ethnic group. This has as well as been partly because of their high direct of education and professionalism before migration (Martins, 2006 as seen in Mousavi & Sadeghi, 2013). Latinos, Mexicans in particular, mostly live in the Southwest almost half in California and Texas. Puerto Ricans are mostly in the East and Cubans are in Florida.According to the U. S. Census Bureau, legal Hispanic household income is only 75 percent of White American income. There is also a high rat e of poverty and unemployment among them, and their socio economic status is at a low level. The cause for this situation is partially their jobs world the lowest paid ones, their low education level, and employment discrimination (Camarillo and Bonilla, 2001). They are present in the news, advertisements, election campaigns, political debates, television and films.The common major feature that is present in all of these portrayals is the problems related to them that should be solved and not to be glorified, exaggerated or exploit by Hollywood. Before now African Americans were more plausibly to be picture as house servant workers in Hollywood. African Americans played major roles in television sitcoms such as Beulah in the 1950s and Gone with the wind in 1939. In recent times Latinos have increasingly replaced African Americans as Hollywood domestics. Hollywood has presented an incorrect reality of the Latino people to the American people and to the world at large, it has exa ggerated a abject image of this particular race.Although the Latinos who live in America get more roles to play in Hollywood, most of these roles are mentioned in the next paragraph. The Latino female is often presented as a temptress, vamp, lustful, promiscuous, unfaithful, manipulative, of loose morals or submissive at times in relation to a white male fantasy, low class, serving the whites. A list of Ten Latino Female artists who have played the role of a maid in Hollywood Movies/series. Jennifer Lopez Maid in Manhattan, 2002 Aida Linares- Clueless, 1995 Lupe Ontiveros- As favourable as it gets, 1997 (She has played an estimate of 150 maid roles on television).Consuela-Family Guy, 2005-till present Nadine Valesquez-My name is Earl, 2005-2009 Paz Vega- Spanglish, 2004 Kate Del Castillo- La misma Luna, 2007 Adriana Barraza- Babel, 2006 Catalina Saavedra, The maid, 2009 Roselyn Sanchez, roundabout Maids, 2013- till present Pania Ramirez Devious Maids, 2013 till present THE MEDI A, DIVERSITY AND SOCIAL CHANGE INITIATIVE (MDSCI)S SIX YEAR STUDY REVEALS SOME STATISTICS. Among the racial and ethnic groups studied in the Media, Diversity, and Social deepen Initiatives report, released August 2014, Latinos made up only 4.9% of movie characters across degree Celsius of 2013s top-grossing films. According to the U. S. Census Bureaus estimates, there are roughly 52 million Latinos in the U. S. as of July 1, 2011, or just over 16% of the current U. S. population. That number is on crossbreed to reach 132. 8 million or about 30% of the U. S. population by July 1, 2050. LATINOS THAT ARE represent IN TOP-GROSSING MOVIES ARE MOSTLY NAKED. While the study does note that Hispanic females (37. 3%) were more likely to be featured in popular films than were white females (29. 6%) or Asian females (32%), Latinas are also more likely than females among any of the other groups studied (37. 5%, to be precise) to be shown partially milled or nude on the big screen.LATINOS ARE ALSO HIGHLY LIKELY TO BE SEXUALIZED. The sexualization of Latinos does not stop with women. Latino men were the most likely among the studied groups (16. 5%) to be depicted have on tight, alluring or revealing clothing. DANGERS OF THE NEGATIVE PORTRAYAL OF RACE & ETHNICITY BY THE MEDIA ?Since there is a lean to believe what is represented or depicted by the media as particular races or ethnic groups are often negatively portrayed, others who are not acquainted with such group of people are demarcation line to believe they are real the way the media has presented them. ?Another danger of negative portrayals of race/ethnic groups by the media is that the younger ones from such groups may not be able to see themselves better than the way the media has portrayed them. For example if a race is continually depicted as a maid or as vulgar murderer the younger generation of such groups may not see anything wrong with being that way and could actually end up as same. ?This particular race have existing challenges of employment, poor education the continuous depictions as such does not help solve these problems, but only worsens them. ?It could be difficult for people who are negatively portrayed to keep relationships with or amongst other races who are depicted as superior to them. THE NOLLYWOOD CONSTRUCT OF ETHNICITY (A STUDY OF THE YORUBA, AND NORTHERN NIGERIANS)The founding fathers of Yoruba films in Nigeria i. e. Herbert Ogunde, Moses Olaiya (Baba Sala) Based their works on the constructive values of the Yoruba ethnic group without leaving their audience entertained. In recent times Nollywood has neglect the transfer of social heritage function in the production of Yoruba films.More often than necessary abusive statements, raining of curses and the invention of such and rascality has been synonymous with Yoruba films. The very rich Yoruba culture which the world could produce from is often being tarnished by our film industry. However there are various Y oruba producers who focus on spreading the positivity of the Yoruba culture i. e. Tunde Kelani, Tade Ogidan, Yinka Afolayan. Men from the Federal part of Nigeria are also often times portrayed as either a gateman or the security man of a well-established family.The character who could actually be Yoruba speaks like a man from the north to convince the audience that the gateman is a man from the Northern part of the Country. Little does Nollywood know that many of the gatemen in Lagos which I can speak for are not even Nigerians. I have observed that most of the gatemen/security men in reality are actually from Niger Republic many of them look like Nigerian Northerners, are able to speak Hausa linguistic process but they are not Nigerians. RECOMMENDATIONS ?Every race has some sort of value and norms that could be positive, the media should hereby seek out such and spread them. ?The media needs to respect the fact that every human person has dignity and should be portrayed as such. ?They never should never assume that a particular race or ethnicity is less than the other, regardless of the socio economic status of such groups. ?The media should seek to solve the challenges faced by some races and ethnic groups rather than exploit them. ?The media should be reminded that they are socially responsible to the society, thus they should be mindful of what they feed the society with.

Marriott Corporation: the Cost of Capital Essay

Dan Cohrs of Marriott crapper has the important task of determining correct hurdle prizes for the entire corporation as wellspring as each individual business segment. These rates ar instrumental in determining which forthcoming projects to pursue and thus fundamentally important for Marriotts growth trajectory. This case analysis seeks to examine Marriotts financial strategy in comparison with its growth goals as well as evaluate a detailed breakdown of Marriotts damage of capital both divisionally and as a whole. Financial scheme and GrowthMarriots current financial strategy is in line with its overall goal of smashed growth. By building and then promptly selling their hotels to limited partners, the company recoups its costs almost immediately. They then run the hotels, fetching a 20% cut of the profits in addition to a 3% management fee. This results in fast, stable returns, which is good for continued growth. They may run into issues with overexpansion in the emerg ing, but for the sequence being, their strategy is sound.The other elements of Marriotts financial strategy are also in line with their overall goals. By seeking projects that would increase shareholder value and repurchasing undervalued shares, they ensure that the value of their equity does non decrease. When match with the use of debt in the companys capital structure, they are creating a good framework for future growth. appeal of Capital Lodging and eating house DivisionsWe begin with an analysis of hurdle rates for the Lodging and Restaurant divisions, for which public comparable company figures are provided, to back into cost of capital for Contract work in the next section, for which public comparables are not available.Restaurant D/V D/E lev ered unlev ered church services Chicken 4.0 % 0.04 0.75 0.73Frischs 6.0 % 0.06 0.60 0.58Collins Foods 10.0 % 0.11 0.13 0.12Lubys Cafeterias 1.0 % 0.01 0.64 0.64McDonalds 23.0 % 0.30 1.00 0.86Wendys Int. 21.0 % 0.27 1.08 0.94Rf 8.7 2 %Market gift 7.92 %Median unlev ered 0.685Target Debt % 42 %lev ered 0.962 constitute of equity 16.57 % appeal of Debt 10.52 %WACC 12.08 %Lodging D/V D/E lev ered unlev eredHilton 14.0 % 0.16 0.88 0.81Holiday 79.0 % 3.76 1.46 0.47La Quinta 69.0 % 2.23 0.38 0.17Ramada 65.0 % 1.86 0.95 0.47Rf 8.95 %Market Premium 7.92 %Median unlev ered 0.468Target Debt % 74 %lev ered 1.213Cost of Equity 18.56 %Cost of Debt 10.05 %WACC 8.98 %For these twain divisions, we found the unlevered beta for each company in the divisions peer set, then relevered the median of this set with respect to Marriotts target debt percentage of 74% and 42% for Lodging and Restaurant divisions, respectively, as a proxy for Marriotts Lodging levered beta. The risk-free rates are based on U.S Treasury interest rates we utilise the 30-year for Lodging and the 10-year for Restaurant due to the seniority of the assets in each respective division. Lodging assets consist mostly of real estate and have lives spanning dec ades, piece of music restaurants are more likely to have a life cycle closer to 10 years. The geometricalal average in 1987 for the spread between the S&P 500 and U.S. Government Bonds at 7.92%is used as the market risk premium in all cases, and the cost of debt is calculated by adding the debt rate premium for each division to each divisions risk free rate. A levy rate of 44.1% is extrapolated by dividing income tax expense by EBT in the historical financials.With the entire infrastructure in place, we gouge calculate each divisions cost of equity through the CAPM modelCost of Capital Contract function DivisionComparable companies are not given for the Contract Services Division, but information about the division can be backsolved using some simple algebra as we are given Marriotts balance sheet breakdown by segment in bear witness 2Since it is given that Marriotts unlevered beta is .97, its tax rate is 44.1%, and has 60% debt in its capital structure, we can unlever to see that Marriott as an entire firm has an unlevered beta of .79. Assuming that Marriotts unlevered beta can be calculated as a weighted average of its divisions betas based on identifiable assets, we can buzz off Contract Services unlevered beta by solving Using some algebra, this yields an unlevered beta of 1.55 for Contract Services. Relevering with the 2/3 desired debt-to-equity ratio yields a levered beta of 2.13. This time, we use the 1-day risk-free rate due to the take down shorter lifespan of contracts.Cost of Capital Marriott as a WholeThere are several ways to approach Marriotts cost of capital as an entire firm. One way is to use CAPM to view its cost of equity, long-term interest rates for the cost of debt, and weigh according to its capital structure to discovery WACC. Under this method, we lever the previously found firm-wide U of .79 to the desired 3/2 debt-to-equity ratio to capture a cost of equity of 17.12%. Next, we apply the CAPM using the 10-year Treasury fo r 1987 Assets % of total unlev eredLodging 2777.4 60.6 % 0.47Contract Services 1237.7 27.0 %Restaurants 567.6 12.4 % 0.68Total 4582.7 100.0 %Contract ServicesRf 6.90 %Market Premium 7.92 %unlev ered 1.550Target Debt % 40 %lev ered 2.131Cost of Equity 23.78 %Cost of Debt 8.30 %WACC 16.12 %the risk-free rate and the one-year arithmetic return for 1987. We use the arithmetic rather than geometric since CAPM is a one-period model. For Marriotts cost of debt, we add the credit spread of 1.3% to the ten-year Treasury yield of 8.72%. Plugging all these variables into CAPM, we acquire at a WACC of 10.53%. Another method to finding Marriotts cost of capital is by taking a weighted average of its three segments. Since its three segments have different business models it may be helpful to see the cost of capital as a mix of its three divisions rather than an total Marriott unit. Weighing each division by the same weights in the Contract Services section, we calculate that WACC is 11.3% A co uple of items to note on Marriotts firm-wide cost of capital are noted here. Marriotts WACC measures the cost of capital for the whole Marriott Corporation. Marriott has three lines of business each line of service has its unique cost of debt and beta, so when valuing investments in those three service lines, we would use their own WACC instead of using Marriotts WACC. If the firm but uses one hurdle rate for evaluating investment opportunities in each line of business, it may accept or reject some investment project improperly. From the question below we already found that the WACC for lodging and restaurants is not the same. So for example, if just using one hurdle rate, like 10%, to evaluate the project among these two line of service, the lodging service may reject this project while the restaurant service may accept it. AppendixBelow are the costs of equity, debt, and capital for all of Marriott as well as its three divisions. Weight WACCLodging 0.60606 8.98 %Contract Services 0.27008 16.12 %Restaurants 0.12386 12.08 %11.30 %ContractMarriott Lodging Restaurant ServicesCost of Debt 10.02 % 10.05 % 10.52 % 8.30 %Cost of Equity 17.12 % 18.56 % 16.57 % 23.78 %Cost of Capital 10.53 % 8.98 % 12.08 % 16.12 %