Essay on Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning - 1472 Words

There are two types of cloning, one of them is reproductive cloning which is when a whole organism is cloned and therapeutic cloning is the cloning of cells, organs or tissues. Cloning is when two cells decide or are forced to duplicate into two cells to replicate each other. Cloning can be done deliberately or naturally; and it results in two copies having identical cells, DNA, genes, organs and organisms. Cloning is a common, ongoing, debatable topic among society today. Many people argue about how future scientific advances in cloning will affect society. Most often people dislike the idea of cloning because it goes against their ethical beliefs, or because they are in fear of it ending up in the wrong hands. But sometimes when the†¦show more content†¦Those who do not have enough confidence in the matter might argue that someone could create super soldiers for war, but with everything comes limitations and law. No matter how many laws are put into place, there will alway s be people there to either abide by them or to break them. As long as the limitations keep such horrible things from happening and there are officers and the government to aid, then there is no issue. â€Å"Also, because there are many benefits to cloning and since not everyone believes in a god why should religion be used in making decisions for people where religious morality is not even an issue? The beliefs of some people should not deprive others of the benefits of cloning. There are those with religious beliefs who think that taking antibiotics or receiving blood transfusions is wrong, but this does not stop the rest of the world from receiving the benefits from them. Science is based on experimentation and observation, while religion is based on faith and things that can not be proven. Making a law based on a religious belief goes against our Constitution. A human clone is and should be thought of as a regular human, they are entitled to have the same basic rights as everyone else. Whether the government bans cloning or not, it is inevitably going to take place. The discovery has been made and curious scientists are not just going to leave it alone. Decisions onShow MoreRe latedEssay on Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning2440 Words   |  10 PagesReproductive and Therapeutic Cloning New areas of science often raise questions about safety. Reflecting back on the past medical technologies invented, people have always opposed it but often benefit from it later on in life. The use of in-vitro fertilization, for instance, was once a controversial issue. Some people worried that society could discriminate against humans produced as a result of IVF and humans could spread diseases. Furthermore, its usefulness cannot be predicted becauseRead More Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning Essay example1484 Words   |  6 PagesReproductive and Therapeutic Cloning Cloning is defined as the â€Å"creation of an exact copy of a living matter, such as a cell or organism† according to Encarta encyclopedia. The copies produced through cloning have identical genetic makeup and are known as clones. Scientists use cloning techniques in the laboratory to create copies of cells or organisms with valuable traits. Cloning is a controversial topic because new areas of science often raise questions about safety. Early experimentRead MoreReproductive and Therapeutic Cloning: Dolly The Sheep1468 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen an increase in the methods in which DNA, Reproductive and Therapeutic cloning and the processes that happen in order for cloning to occur. DNA Cloning occurs when the DNA cell is replicated, an organisms DNA is taken and placed in a Vector also known as plasmid. This self-replicating cell will then create copies of the DNA code. After being placed into a foreign host cell that is suitable for the DNA the cell will then reproduced. Reproductive cloning in some aspects of the developing stages isRead MoreIs Cloning Ethical Or Moral?1617 Words   |  7 PagesCloning is one of the most controversial topics in all of science in the current day. Technology has come miles from where it has been, and we still have yet to perfect how it is used. When I chose this topic as one of the two I had to pick from the list, I didn’t really know how cloning worked or how I actually felt about the on-going conversation of whether or not cloning is ethical or moral, much less legal. What I have come to conclude after the various articles I have read, and the differentRead MoreThe Human Of Human Cloning1100 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Cloning 1. INTRODUCTION Human  cloning  is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. However, this term not only refers to the entire artificial human, but also the reproduction of human cells and tissues. There are two types of theoretical human cloning: reproductive cloning which would involve making an entire cloned human and the other, therapeutic cloning, which would involve cloning cells from a human for use in medicine and transplants by somatic-cell nuclear transfer orRead MoreShould Human Cloning Be Pursued? Essay810 Words   |  4 Pagessome movies, cloning in real life doesn’t produce a full grown exact replica of someone. A type of cloning that occurs naturally is when identical twins are born (â€Å"What Is Cloning?†). Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a type of cloning that has to be done in a lab. In SCNT they take the nucleolus out of an egg cell, replace it with the nucleolus of a somatic cell (body cell with two complete sets of chromosomes), and mak e the egg cell divide into a blastocyst (â€Å"What Is Cloning?†). There areRead MoreThe Human Of Human Cloning1098 Words   |  5 Pages1. INTRODUCTION Human  cloning  is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. However, this term not only refers to the entire artificial human, but also the reproduction of human cells and tissues. There are two types of theoretical human cloning: reproductive cloning which would involve making an entire cloned human and the other, therapeutic cloning, which would involve cloning cells from a human for use in medicine and transplants by somatic-cell nuclear transfer or pluripotent stemRead MoreShould Cloning Be Allowed?1440 Words   |  6 Pageshuman cloning is becoming a feasible practice. Recently there has been a successful cloning of a sheep, so scientists start to speculate the different uses of cloning human embryos. The three forms of cloning that stand out are reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning, and cloning for scientific research. Cloning should be permitted, but only reproductive cloning should be permitted with a limit on the number of babies a person or family can reproduce. The arguments that support cloning dependRead MoreWhy Is Cloning? Living A Wonderful Life?1668 Words   |  7 PagesWhy Cloning? Imagine living a wonderful life. A life full of friends and loving relationships. A healthy life. Celebrating holidays with friends and families and finally starting to fall in love with the person might†. Then all of a sudden your wonderful life comes to a screeching halt when you go to the doctor and is diagnosed with HIV, a fatal disease with no cure. You’re now faced with countless decisions such as whether or not you want to be heavily medicated. More medications could lead toRead MoreLiving A Wonderful Life : A Life Full Of Friends And Loving Relationships1666 Words   |  7 Pagesup. Cloning could provide an efficient way to find resistance and cures to diseases while providing an option to infertile couples. Human cloning is the process of using nuclear transfer, (a process of dna transfer) to a human cell in order to grow human cells. Human cloning is necessary and inevitable and research in the fields of reproductive and therapeutic cloning should continue to develop. Human cloning should be legal because reproductive cloning is inevitable and therapeutic cloning provides

How Did Africans Respond And Resist European Penetration...

How did Africans respond and resist European penetration and occupation of Africa? The African’s responded and resisted the European penetration and occupation Africa in four major ways. The everyday African’s made the first major act of resistance. Their main plan of action was to make it difficult for the Europeans to find or capture them. They did this in a number of ways, the first was resettling in places that were hard to find. They settled in remote areas, caves, swamps, and mountains and built ramps, fortresses, and planted poisonous plants all in an effort to protect them from being captured. Others transformed their habitat and manner of the land they occupied. One town was built on stilts in water too shallow for the ships which allowing the natives to see approaching raiders and act appropriately. Another town built houses that were shaped like termite nests tricking the raiders. The resistance of the African Elite helped give their natives the courage to st and up to the European raiders. Many Kings such as; Nzinga Mbemba, Obas Benin, Tezifon, Agia, and Almamy resisted the Europeans by banning the sale of slaves and refusing to give up their people. One example of this resistance occurred when the French had a ship waiting to go back to Europe that they were unable to fill, the French then sent people off to fetch slaves, these people went to Almamy of Futa, who had forbidden slavery, Almamy stood up to the French and refused to allow them to take his people.Show MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesdetermining beginnings and endings that accord with major shifts in political and socioeconomic circumstances and dynamics rather than standard but arbitrary chronological break points. 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Contract It Comes To Statute Of Limitations â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Contract It Comes To Statute Of Limitations? Answer: Introducation: Contract is a legally binding document which contains a promise where one side of the contracting party undertakes a promise to fulfil to do certain task and the other side of the contracting party undertakes the promise to create legal relations (Latimer, 2012). The contract formation requires presence of certain components, which are the agreement component, i.e., offer and acceptance, followed by elements of consideration, consent, clarity, intention and capacity. In order to create a legally binding contract, there is a need for all of these components to be present, or else, the contract remains non-binding document (Clarke Clarke, 2016). The contract begins when an offer is made by one person to another person, in which the first person offers some conditions or terms to the second party. It is important that clarity is attained between an offer and an invitation to treat (Andrews, 2015). This is because an offer is a part of contract formation and is obligatory to be present for a contract to be valid, but the same is not the case when it comes to an invitation to treat. The offer shows that the parties want to create a contract and thus, have legal liabilities. However, an invitation to treat shows that the person wants to start up the negotiations (Ayres Klass, 2012). The differentiation between these two can be highlighted through different case laws. In Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company [1893] 1 QB 256, the court stated that a unilateral offer had been made as the acceptance could be attained merely by acting upon the offer and the acceptance did not require a communication. However, this is generally not the case and the commercials in the magazines or newspapers are deemed as an invitation to treat as was seen in Partridge v Crittenden [1968] 2 All ER 421. Where an invitation to treat has been made, the party who puts on something for sale, is not bound in a legal manner to fulfil the sale, and this was deemed by the court of law in Partridge v Crittenden [1968] 2 All ER 421 case (Latimer, 2012). The contract formation has another crucial agreement component of acceptance. The acceptance denotes that the party, to which the offer was made, accepts the terms of the offer. The acceptance needs to reach the offering party in a clear manner and a silence on the offer made is not an acceptance as was seen in Felthouse v Bindley (1862) EWHC CP J35 (Stone Devenney, 2017). It is important that the acceptance is properly told to the offer making party and is given on the offer which was made. In other words, if there is a change in the offer made, while the acceptance is being given, it is not considered as an acceptance and instead would be considered by the court as a counter offer. When such happens, the original offer expires as was held in Hyde v. Wrench (1840) 3 Beav 334 (Marson Ferris, 2015). The third requirement for creating a binding contract is the consideration. It is important that the contract has an element of consideration and it needs to have an economic value in it for it to be valid (Latimer, 2012). The context of the particular case decides the economic value component. For instance, the three wrappers were deemed as valid consideration in Chappell Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd [1960] AC 87. Another important point about consideration is that it needs to be adequate and not sufficient, and has to move towards the promisor (Mulcahy, 2008). Clarity regarding the terms of the contract is another crucial element in contract formation as it helps in avoiding ambiguity from the contract. There is also a need for the contracting parties to give a free consent to the contract, without the presence of elements like duress, undue influence and the like (Lambiris Griffin, 2016). The next component is that of capacity which denotes the need of the contracting parties to have the proper contracting capacity to enter into legal relations. This is in terms of the party being of sound mind and the parties having a legal age. The parties need to have the legal intention of creating lawful relations and need to know that by entering into the contract, they would be legally bound by it (Latimer, 2012). Contracts can be formed in both written and verbal manner and irrespective of the manner of formation of the contract, both have legal validity. In the written contracts, the terms on which the contract is being formed, is properly elaborated on a document, and the parties sign the contract. In a verbal contract, these very terms are verbally or orally exchanged, i.e., they are communicated in a manner of speaking. Thus, essentially, only the manner of documenting it differs, but both have legal validity in the eyes of law (Mau, 2010). Even though the written and verbal contracts have legal validity, it is always advised to go forward with a written contract and there are different reasons for the same. Amongst the different reasons for opting for a written contract is that it helps in removing the ambiguity regarding the contractual terms, which can otherwise be present in an oral or a verbal contract. One can always refer to the written contract for a particular term being stated and being stated in a particular manner, but the same cannot be done under an oral contract and thus, the nuances of the oral contract often lead to a dispute (Pendragon, 2014). Furthermore, the statutory legislations relating to the interpretation can be applied over the written contracts but the same is not possible for the oral contract as one cannot say for certain what the exact term of the oral contract was (Irby, 2016). Under the written contracts, the rights and obligations of the contracting parties are clearly provided, but the same is again not possible to be determined in a clear manner, particularly in case of a dispute, for an oral contract. Often, the written contracts cover terms that in case of dispute, a particular thing has to be undertaken. This further helps in solving a dispute in a quick manner under a written contract (Pendragon, 2014). Thus, under the oral contract, the chances of resolving the dispute in an amicable manner are not very high as each party keeps on contending that a particular point was not made, a particular point was made different, or the entire verbal contract was never drawn. An example of the verbal contract being denied to be present was the case of McGellin v Mount King Mining NL (1998) 144 FLR 288 (Austlii, 2017). For all such reasons, it becomes preferable to draw up a written contract. Formal contract can be best defined as such contract where the development of these required a specified manner of formation, for them to be enforceable. In general, the formal contract requires the contract to be signed by the contracting parties and be placed under a seal (Miller Cross 2015). There are different kinds of formal contracts, for instance, promissory notes, drafts, certificate of deposits and cheques. Depending upon the particular formal contract, the formalities of it are defined. The formation of a cheque, for instance, requires the stamp of the bank, the signature of the drawing party, the details of the bank and that of the amount for which the cheque is being drawn, and the date of signing the cheque, which makes the cheque valid only for a specified period of time since it was being drawn (Legal Services Commission, 2017). Was a valid contract created in this case, specifically due to the presence or absence of the component of intention? Where a contract was formed, were any remedies available for the non-breaching party? In the first section of this discussion, the different requirements for creating a contract were defined. Amongst these was the intention of the parties, which denotes that the parties are ready to create a binding agreement, which can make them liable legally. It is important that when a contract is being drawn, the parties want to create legal relations. The case of Trevey v Grubb (1982) 44 ALR 20 helps in clarifying the difference between a social and a legal contract. In this case, an entry coupon was filed by the individual on three members of syndicates behalf. The prize stated in the coupon was won but the defendant declined from sharing the prize money and cited that a social contract was present. In order to given the verdict in this case, the court made reliance on the verdict given under Simpkins v Pays [1955] 1 WLR 975 and presented the similarities between the two cases. There also similar thing took place and social context was cited as an excuse. And so, the court stat ed that a clear intention was present in this case, instead of presence of social setting, which led to a legally contract being created in this case. Accordingly, the court ordered the defendant to share the prize money in an equal manner between the three plaintiffs who had together bought the ticket (Gibson Fraser, 2013). A breach of contract takes place when the promise made as per the contract is not fulfilled by the contracting parties. When such happens, the aggrieved party can apply for both equitable and monetary remedies. Application The facts given in the case study of the question, are similar to that of the case of Simpkins v Pays and Trevey v Grubb. In this case also, a social arrangement was being cited as the reason to evade the contract being as a lawfully valid one. However, the similarity between the quoted cases and this case proves that an intention of creating a lawfully binding contract was clearly present in the case study as each of the parties in the case study had made a contribution towards the purchase of the lottery ticket. And so, this would show that the parties indeed wanted to create a contract. The group which purchased the ticket cannot deny sharing of the prize money or else, they would be made liable for a breach of contract. And as per the verdict given in the two quoted cases, the court would order the ticket purchasing group to share the prize money equally with the other groups. To sum it up, it is very clear that a contract had been formed in this case as a result of presence of the intention of creating legal relations between the parties. And based on the quoted cases, the ticket purchasing group would have to share the prize money equally or would be made liable for a breach of contract. Agency law is a common law which regulates over the liability raised from the work of the agent towards the principal, and this liability is raised for the third party, with whom, the agent interacted. The raison d'tre for making the principal liable, stems from the representation of the agent of the principal in front of the third party. Born from this common law is the concept of vicarious liability. As per this concept, the employer is to be made accountable towards a third party for the work done by their employee, as the employee represents the employer in front of such third party. The presence of this concept makes it important to distinguish between an agent and an independent contractor (Thampapillai et al, 2015). An agent is such an individual who works on behalf of the principal and for whose actions, the principal is liable. However, an independent contractor is someone, whose services are undertaken, usually under a contract, for fulfilling a particular task. And for this very task undertaken by them, the liability is their own. The independent contractor use their own equipments to do the task, at the timings which suit them, and in the manner they deem fit. However, when it comes to the agents, the principal provides the equipments, the work hours are regulated by the principal and they have to do the work on the basis of authority provided to them. Due to such control, the principal is made liable and this makes it necessary to differentiate between the agent and an independent contractor (Miller Jentz, 2007). References Andrews, N. (2015). Contract Law (2nd ed.). UK: Cambridge University Press Austlii. (2017). Thomas Paul Mcgellin Ors v Mount King Mining Nl (Acn 060 118 201) Anor [1998] WASC 96 (7 April 1998). Retrieved from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/wa/WASC/1998/96.html?context=1;query=McGellin%20v%20Mount%20King%20Mining%20NL Ayres, I., Klass, G. (2012). Studies in Contract Law (8th ed.). New York: Foundation Press Clarke, P., Clarke, J (2016). Contract Law: Commentaries, Cases and Perspectives (3rd ed.). South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Gibson, A., Fraser, D. (2014). Business Law 2014 (8th ed.). Melbourne: Pearson Education Australia. Irby, L. (2016). What is a Written Contract When It Comes to Statute of Limitations?. Retrieved from: https://www.thebalance.com/written-contract-961146 Lambiris, M., Griffin, L. (2016). First Principles of Business Law 2016. Sydney: CCH. Latimer, P. (2012). Australian Business Law 2012 (31st ed.). Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Legal Services Commission. (2017). Paying and collecting a cheque. Retrieved from: https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch10s05s02s01.php Legal Services Commission. (2017). Paying and collecting a cheque. Retrieved from: https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch10s05s02s01.php Marson, J., Ferris, K. (2015). Business Law (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mau, S.D. (2010). Contract Law in Hong Kong: An Introductory Guide. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. Miller, R., Jentz, G. (2007). Cengage Advantage books: business law today: the essentials (8th ed.). Mason, OH: Thompson Higher Education. Miller, R.L. Cross, F.B. (2015). The Legal Environment Today (8th ed.). Stanford, CT: Cengage Learning. Mulcahy, L. (2008). Contract Law in Perspective (5th ed.). Oxon: Routledge. Pendragon. (2014). The Benefits Of A Written Contract. Retrieved from: https://pendragon.net.au/benefits-written-contract-2/ Stone, R., Devenney, J. (2017). The Modern Law of Contract (12th ed.). Oxon: Routledge. Thampapillai, D., Tan, V., Bozzi, C., Matthew, A. (2015). Australian Commercial Law. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.

Theology of the Book of Romans free essay sample

In the first seven chapters of the book of Romans the apostle Paul writes a logical and clear presentation of the Gospel as he systematically explains the sinfulness of mankind and God’s answer, justification by faith. Romans chapter 8 is a powerful summary and conclusion to the arguments Paul presents. This essay will highlight Paul’s dominant points sequentially from chapter one, making reference to the correlating verses Paul presents in summary in chapter eight. In Romans chapter one verses 16-17 Paul declares, â€Å"For I am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ, for it is the power of God to salvation for everyone who believes, for the Jew first and also for the Greek. For in it the righteousness of God is revealed from faith to faith; as it is written, â€Å"The just shall live by faith. † These two verses are often referred to as the heart of the letter. We will write a custom essay sample on Theology of the Book of Romans or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They state the theological theme which Paul outworks in the first seven chapters. Martin Luther wrote in his Commentary on Romans: The Gospel is called the power of God in contradistinction to the power of man. The latter is the (supposed) ability by which he, according to his carnal opinion, obtains salvation by his own strength, and performs the things which are of the flesh. But this ability God, by the cross of Christ, has utterly declared null and void, and now gives us His own power by which the spiritual – (the believer) – is empowered unto salvation. In Romans 1:18-3:20. Paul quickly begins to paint a picture of mankind’s position before God. It’s as if Paul leads the reader into Gods courtroom where all of mankind will be tried. Until man knows he is a sinner he cannot appreciate the gracious salvation God offers in Jesus Christ. Drawing on three separate arguments Paul declares that all men are sinners, guilty before God and in need of redemption. The first of Paul’s three arguments in this first section is found in Romans 1:18-32. Here Paul argues that the whole Gentile world is guilty. Paul’s next argument is that the Jewish world is also guilty (Romans 2:1-3:8). The Jews thought that because they were Gods chosen people they were exempt from judgment. They were given the Law, they had the physical sign of God’s covenant – circumcision, and they were led by God to the Promised Land where they saw victory after victory. God proved time and again that He was the one true God and He had promised never to abandon them. Surely they would escape His wrath. However, the Jews’ actions were contrary to the law. They were guilty along with everyone else. Paul finishes his argument in Romans 2 by drawing a distinction between outward and inward circumcision. The Jews had come to depend on this outward sign of circumcision instead of the spiritual significance it represented. They had come to believe that only those who had been circumcised in the flesh were saved. Their faith was in this physical religious rite which they thought guaranteed a person’s entrance into God’s kingdom. First Paul argued that the Gentile world is guilty. Second he declared that Jewish world is also guilty. Romans 3:9-20 presents Paul’s third argument that in fact the whole world is guilty before God! Paul finishes this first section of the letter in Romans 3:20 declaring that â€Å"Therefore by the deeds of the law no flesh will be justified in His sight, for by the Law is the knowledge of sin. Some commentators have called this verse the ‘therefore of condemnation’, a horrible position for all of mankind that we will see answered completely in Romans chapter eight verse one, the ‘therefore of no condemnation’. The Jews stand condemned by the law and the Gentiles by creation and conscience, the whole world is guilty, both Jews and Gentiles need a liberator. In Romans 3:21-22 God begins to reveal His answer to this guilt and condemnation. The two words, ‘But now’, opening chapter 3, verse 21 begin to introduce the solution to the terrible spiritual predicament facing mankind. The law cannot make man right with God; all it can do is reveal his sins. What can be done? Paul shows us the answer in verse 22 ‘the righteousness of God’. God gives mankind right standing before Himself through what we know as ‘the righteousness of God through faith’. This thought is summed up in Romans 8:3 â€Å"For what the law could not do in that it was weak through the flesh, God did by sending His own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh, on account of sin: He condemned sin in the flesh†. Leon Morris, in his commentary on Romans, says that passage from Romans 3:23-25 may be possibly the most important single paragraph ever written. For all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God, being justified freely by His grace through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus, whom God set forth as a propitiation by His blood, through faith, to demonstrate His righteousness, because in His forbearance God had passed over the sins that were previously committed† (Rom 3:23-25). Martyn Lloyd-Jones describes verse 24 so well in his Romans Exposition of Chapters 3:20-4:25, Atonement and Justification: This is undoubtedly one of the great verses of the Bible. It is a statement that can be compared with John 3:16. It is a perfect synopsis of the Christian faith, and it is important, therefore, that we should understand it clearly. ‘Being justified freely by his grace’, there is a sense in which the reader must grasp the meaning of this verse or there is no purpose in proceeding any further. A revelation of this verse is paramount if we are to enjoy the liberty that is offered to us in the Gospel. Many people have struggled with this verse because of the consciousness of their own sin, however, ‘justification’ makes no actual physical change in a person as it is a legal declaration by God. It is not something that results from what a person does, but rather something that is done for them. God declares the repentant sinner as righteous. Parallel this thought with Romans 8:4, â€Å"that the righteous requirement of the law might be fulfilled in us who do not walk according to the flesh but according to the Spirit†. The righteous requirement of the law is fulfilled if we walk in what God has provided for us and not in our works. Verse 25 continues â€Å"whom God set forth as a propitiation by His blood, through faith, to demonstrate His righteousness, because in His forbearance God had passed over the sins that were previously committed†. Here the Apostle Paul now begins to explain the Gospel he has already described. Sinful, lost mankind is redeemed by the substitutionary death of Jesus Christ and this is the only way it could happen. This is one of the most important verses in the whole of scripture. God was ‘setting forth,’ making a public declaration of redemption and the way of salvation. All men are now justified free from human works, justified by His grace alone. James Denney in his classic book, The Death of Christ: Its Place and Interpretation in the New Testament, says: There can be no gospel unless there is such a thing as a righteousness of God for the ungodly. But just as little can there be any gospel unless the integrity of God’s character be maintained. The problem of the sinful world, the problem of all religion, the problem of God in dealing with a sinful race, is how to unite these two things. The Christian answer to the problem is given by Paul in the words: â€Å"Jesus Christ, whom God se t forth a propitiation†¦. † Righteousness is a gift received through faith and therefore there is no room for human boasting. This applies to both Jews and Gentiles. A helpful way of understanding God’s gift of righteousness is to contrast it with the law. â€Å"For the Law was given by Moses, but grace and truth came by Jesus Christ. † (John 1:17 ). Romans chapter four now expands on this contrast. Justification is by faith alone. In Romans chapter 4 Paul shows this by using the example of Abraham. Abraham was justified by faith not works, grace not law. Abraham was not circumcised when he was declared righteous, demonstrating that he can be the ‘father’ of all believers, both Jew and Christian. Circumcision was a symbol’ of, not the action that demonstrated faith. The ‘promise’ of justification by faith was not given to Abraham through the law, because the law was not yet established. In Romans 3:20 Paul presented the ‘therefore of condemnation’. Now in chapter 5:1 he argues the ‘therefore of justification’. â€Å"Therefore, having been justified by faith, we have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ† (Rom 5:1). Romans 8:2 declares â€Å"For the law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus has made me free from the law of sin and death†. This is the only reason why we have peace with God. Now that mankind is redeemed, has peace with God and the past is taken care of, God will no longer hold their sins against them. Every Christian now has access to God so that He can take care of their present needs. In Romans 5:2-5 Paul now explains that justification is not an escape from the tribulation or the problems of this world, however if Christ died for the sinner how much more shall God save the righteous from the wrath to come. This whole thought is the subject of the second part of Romans 8, verses 31-39. Paul speaking from experience takes a very realistic view of the challenges; difficulties and persecutions believers will have to face in this life. In the second half of Romans 5 Paul now makes a contrast between Adam and Christ stating that the consequence of Christs obedience is far greater than Adams disobedience. Adam had dominion over all of creation but when he sinned he lost his kingdom. Because of this sin, all mankind is under death and condemnation. Jesus Christ is now the King over a new creation (2 Cor. 5:17). Jesus’ obedience on the Cross has brought righteousness and justification. He has not only undone all the effects of Adam’s sin, He has accomplished ‘much more’ by making all who receive Him, to become the very sons of God. In verses 17-21 the two ‘one acts’ of Adam and Christ are contrasted. Adams ‘one act’ of offence, resulted in condemnation, making all men sinners while Christs ‘one act’ of obedience resulted in justification of life, and the righteousness of many. Having been made righteous, how shall the Christian now live? The struggle for all Christians is that ‘the flesh’ still tries to control them, despite them having been justified by Christ. Having clearly proved the sinfulness of both Jews and Gentiles and that both must be redeemed by Christ through faith and grace, in chapter six Paul now takes up the argument of the divine method of dealing with sin, and the secret of a victorious and holy life. The reader discovers from Romans chapters 6-8 that although mankind has been delivered from the penalty of the power of sin, they have not yet been delivered from the presence of sin. In chapter six, Paul gives instruction for attaining victory over sin, summed up in the three key words: know, reckon and present. . Romans 6:1-10 Know. The disciple must know the Word of God and the facts pertaining to this redemption and his relationship with Christ. Romans 8:5-6 â€Å"For those who live according to the flesh set their minds on the things of the flesh, but those who live according to the Spirit, the things of the Spirit. For to be carnally minded is death, but to be spiritually minded is life and peace†. The disciple must renew their mind to the facts of the Word of God (Rom 12:2). 2. Romans 6:11 – Reckon. â€Å"Reckon yourself to be dead indeed to sin†. The disciple must reckon these facts to be absolutely true personally, daily and continuously. Romans 8:10 declares â€Å" †¦ if Christ is in you, the body is dead because of sin, but the Spirit is life because of righteousness†. As renowned New Testament scholar C. E. B. Cranfield says: No matter what we used to be like, God considers that old person dead and gone. However, because God sees our old way of life as ‘dead and gone’, so should we. The purpose of this ‘death’ is that ‘the sinful body (literally ‘body of sin’) might be destroyed, and we might no longer be enslaved to sin’. By the ‘sinful body Paul means ‘the whole man as controlled by sin’ 3. Romans 6:12-16 – Present. The disciple must present himself to God with a willing heart. Rom 6:15 asks the question ‘Shall we sin because we are not under law but under grace? ’ This question is followed by the absolute denial ‘Certainly not! Do you not know†¦,’ which is a reference back to what ought to be ‘known’ in verses 1-10. Whatever someone ‘presents their members to’ or ‘yields themselves to’ makes them ‘slaves of that power’. Rom 8:12-13 â€Å"Therefore, brethren, we are debtors—not to the flesh, to live according to the flesh. For if you live according to the flesh you will die; but if by the Spirit you put to death the deeds of the body, you will live. This all sound well and good in theory however what if the Christian still struggles with sin what legal right does ‘the law’ have to do with them? Paul’s conclusion in Romans seven, verses 1- 6 is that the law no longer exercises dominion over Christians because they have died, in the sense of dying with Christ, and this death involved a death ‘to the law’. The Christian’s old life is described as a life ‘in the flesh’ (v. ), which refers to an existence controlled and dominated by the fallen human nature. In this condition Paul confesses that â€Å"sin taking opportunity by the commandment, produced in me all manner of evil desire. For apart from the law sin was dead† (Rom 7:8). This revealing statement is expounded in verses 7-13. Even though the law’s primary purpose was to bring the â⠂¬Ëœknowledge of sin’ (Rom 3:20; 7:7), sin was aroused when confronted by the law (Rom7:8-11). Rom 8:8-12 says: â€Å"So then, those who are in the flesh cannot please God. But you are not in the flesh but in the Spirit, if indeed the Spirit of God dwells in you. Now if anyone does not have the Spirit of Christ, he is not His. And if Christ is in you, the body is dead because of sin, but the Spirit is life because of righteousness. But if the Spirit of Him who raised Jesus from the dead dwells in you, He who raised Christ from the dead will also give life to your mortal bodies through His Spirit who dwells in you. Therefore, brethren, we are debtors—not to the flesh, to live according to the flesh. When Paul wrote that he failed to do the good that he wanted to do (Rom. 7:15–20), clearly he meant that he was missing his intended target of faithfully following God. Cranfield says â€Å"The more seriously a Christian strives to live from grace and submit to the discipline of the gospel, the more sensitive he becomes to the fact that even his very best acts and activities are disfigured by the egotism which is still powerful within him – and no less evil because it is often more subtly disguised than formerly†. As stated in the introduction Romans chapter eight summarises and brings to conclusion the previous seven chapters. It powerfully describes Paul as a Christian, transitioning from trying to live under the ‘law’ to living in freedom and victory under ‘grace’. In the preceding seven chapters he expounded that the law, the flesh and the new Christian nature on their own are totally inadequate to produce holy Christian living. The Christian who relies on his own strength and will power is fighting a losing battle. Only when he avails himself of the grace that is his ‘in Christ Jesus’, will he be ‘more than a conqueror’. Stanley Toussaint, writing in the Bibliotheca Sacra Journal says â€Å"Bible teachers accurately make a large point to the fact there is no reference to the Holy Spirit in Romans chapter seven. What is needed is the power of the Holy Spirit outworking in a Christians life. God’s amazing provision for this is the teaching of Romans chapter eight. As if presenting his case in a court of law, we have seen Paul continually summarising his evidence with the conjunction ‘therefore’. In Rom 3:20 he presents the ‘therefore of condemnation’ and in chapter 5:1 the ‘there fore of justification’. Now in Rom 8:1 Paul declares the culmination of these, the ‘therefore of no condemnation’. Continuing on Paul makes three supporting statements about the believer and the law, and together they add up to ‘no condemnation’.