Most Influential Socialist Thinkers Of Time

Most Influential Socialist Thinkers Of measureThe philosopher, social scientist, historian and revolutionary, Karl Marx, is without a doubt the most influential socialist deemer to emerge in the 19th century. Although he was largely ignored by scholars in his own lifetime, his social, economic and political ideas gained quick acceptance in the socialist movement after his death in 1883. Until quite recently virtually half the population of the world lived under regimes that claim to be Marxist. This very success, however, has meant that the original ideas of Marx comport lots been modified and his meanings adapted to a great variety of political circumstances. In addition, the fact that Marx delayed takings of many an(prenominal) of his writings meant that is been only recently that scholars had the opportunity to appreciate Marxs intellectual stature.It is difficult to know what matter this would have on his later philosophy, that we do know that Marx would be antithetical to religious belief, at one time pronouncing it, the opiate of the massesAfter tameing in Trier (1830-35), Marx entered Bonn University to study law. At university he spent much of his time socialising and running up large debts. His father was horrified when he discovered that Karl had been wounded in a duel. Heinrich Marx agreed to pay off his sons debts but insisted that he travel to the more sedate Berlin University.Educated in the best universities in Germany at Bonn, Berlin and Jena, he was greatly influenced by the most prominent scholar of the previous generation, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. As youth turned to middle age, Karl Marxs views became more root and finally hardened into the body of thought we know today. His journey to this point took him out of Germany where the newspaper he edited, the Rheinische Zeitung, was suppressed by the Government. He moved to Paris in 1843 and later to Brussels in 1845.Marx himself considered his surmisal of surplus-value his most important contribution to the progress of economic analysis (Marx, letter to Engels of 24 August 1867). It is with this theory that the wide scope of his sociological and historical thought enables him simultaneously to place the capitalist means of production in his historical context, and to find the root of its inner economic contradictions and its laws of motion in the peculiar(prenominal) relations of production on which it is basedMarx was partial to Hegel and his theories and was influenced by Hegels views that history was a dialectical process. He did not adhere to Hegels spirituality . He was also influenced by Fuerbach, Saint-Simon, Proudhon and Bakunin. While living in Paris, he began to associate with the perishing clasas for the first time. He began to formulate his thought that revolution was the key to achieving balance mingled with the upper class and the work class. He wrote and spoke on social change through revolution. He believed that there was great energy between proleterians and capitalists. Marx began to appeal to more of the common people during the early natural depression days. American educatin became aware of soviet gentility reforms during the 1920s and through George S. Counts who visited Russia and brought their procreational system of reform to come down in America. But only a mere 10 years later, American educators did not think societ reproduction was good.The theory associated with Marxism was developed in mid-19th century Europeby Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Although Marx and Engels did not write widelyabout education, they developed theoretical perspectives on modern societies that havebeen employd to highlight the social functions of education and their concepts and methodshave served to both theorize and criticize education in the reproduction of capitalistsocieties, and to support projects of pick education. In this study, I will first brieflysketch the classical perspectives of Marx and Engels, highli ghting the place of educationin their work. Then, I lay out the way that Marxian perspectives on education weredeveloped in the capital of Kentucky School critical theory, British cultural studies, and former(a) neo-Marxian and post-Marxian approaches grouped under the label of critical pedagogy, thatemerged from the work of Paulo Freire and is now global in scope. I argue that Marxismprovides influential and robust perspectives on education, still of use, but that classicalMarxism has certain omissions and limitations that contemporary theories of society andeducation need to overcome.The young Marx and Engels thus perceived that without education the workingclass was condemned to lives of drudgery and death, but that with education they had achance to create a break away life. In their famous 1848 Communist Manifesto, Marx andEngels argued that growing economic crises would throw ever more segments of themiddle classes, and the sure-enough(a) peasant and artisan classes, into th e impoverished situationof the proletariat and would thus produce a unified working class, at least one withinterests in common. They declared that the bourgeois class is constantly battling againstthe older feudal powers, among its own segments, and against the foreign bourgeoisie,and thus enlists the proletariat as its ally. Consequently, the proletariat gains educationand experience which it can use to fight the ruling class.The Marxist approach to education is broad constuctivist and emphasises activity, collaboration and critique, rather than passive immersion of knowledge, emulation of elders and conformism it is student-centred rather than teacher centred, but recognises that education cannot transcend the problems and capabilities of the society in which it is located.The Soviet, Chinese, and other Communist states were at most only partly structured along Marxist classless lines, and darn such Communist leaders as Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, Joseph Stalin, and Mao Zedong staunc hly claimed Marxist orthodoxy for their pronouncements, they in fact greatly stretched the doctrine in attempting to mold it to their own uses. The evolution of varied forms of welfare capitalism, the improved condition of workers in industrial societies, and the recent demise of the Communist bloc in Eastern Europe and Central Asia have tended to discredit Marxs dire and deterministic economic predictions. The Soviet and Chinese Communist regimes did not result in the disappearance of the state, but in the erection of huge, monolithic, and largely inefficient state structures.In recent years, many Western intellectuals have championed Marxism and repudiated Communism, objecting to the manner in which the two terms are often used interchangeably. A number have turned to Marxs other writings and explored the present-day value of such Marxist concepts as alienation. Among prominent Western Marxists were the Hungarian philosopher Gyrgy Lukaisand the Italian political philosopher Antoni o Gramsci, both of whom viewed Marxism as a liberation from the command of political economy and believed in its relationship to the social consciousness. Marxisms influence can be found in disciplines as diverse as economics, history, art, literary criticism, and sociology. German sociologist Max Weber, Frankfurt school theorists such as Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer, British economist Joan Robinson, German dramatist Bertolt Brecht, British literary critic Frederic Jameson, and the French historians of the Annales school have all produced work drawn from Marxist perspectives.